The production of a porous copper-zinc structure includes providing copper ink, creating a 3D model of the porous copper-zinc structure, 3D printing the copper ink into a porous copper lattice structure using the 3D model, heat treatment of the porous copper lattice structure producing a heat treated porous copper lattice structure, surface modification of the heat treated porous copper lattice structure by nanowires growth on the heat treated porous copper lattice structure producing a heat treated porous copper lattice structure with nanowires, and electrodeposition of zinc onto the heat treated porous copper lattice structure with nanowires to produce the porous copper-zinc structure.

An apparatus includes a template-former, a growth template, having a surface area containing three-dimensional features; a container which includes or retains electrolytes or other fluids from which materials are deposited, removed, or modified onto the growth template or to a structure-in-production; and a computer to plan and control said deposition, removal, or modification.

Provided is a tin-plated copper terminal material, a terminal formed from the terminal material, and an electric-wire terminal structure using the terminal: the terminal material has a substrate of copper or a copper alloy; an intermediate zinc layer of a zinc alloy that is formed on the substrate and has a thickness of 0.10 μm to 5.00 μm; and a tin layer of tin or a tin alloy that is formed on the intermediate zinc layer and in which the length proportion occupied by low-angle grain boundaries is 2% to 30% with respect to the total length of all crystal grain boundaries; wherein galvanic corrosion is effectively suppressed.

Provided is a tin-plated copper terminal material, a terminal formed from the terminal material, and an electric-wire terminal structure using the terminal: the terminal material has a substrate of copper or a copper alloy; an intermediate zinc layer of a zinc alloy that is formed on the substrate and has a thickness of 0.10 μm to 5.00 μm; and a tin layer of tin or a tin alloy that is formed on the intermediate zinc layer and in which the length proportion occupied by low-angle grain boundaries is 2% to 30% with respect to the total length of all crystal grain boundaries; wherein galvanic corrosion is effectively suppressed.

Process for manufacturing a printhead for a 3D manufacturing system that uses metal electrodeposition to construct parts. The printhead may be constructed by depositing layers on top of a backplane that contains control and power circuits. Deposited layers may include insulating layers and an anode layer that contain deposition anodes that are in contact with the electrolyte to drive electrodeposition. Insulating layers may for example be constructed of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide; the anode layer may contain an insoluble conductive material such as platinum group metals and their associated oxides, highly doped semiconducting materials, and carbon based conductors. The anode layer may be deposited using chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. Alternatively in one or more embodiments the printhead may be constructed by manufacturing a separate anode plane component, and then bonding the anode plane to the backplane.

Process for manufacturing a printhead for a 3D manufacturing system that uses metal electrodeposition to construct parts. The printhead may be constructed by depositing layers on top of a backplane that contains control and power circuits. Deposited layers may include insulating layers and an anode layer that contain deposition anodes that are in contact with the electrolyte to drive electrodeposition. Insulating layers may for example be constructed of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide; the anode layer may contain an insoluble conductive material such as platinum group metals and their associated oxides, highly doped semiconducting materials, and carbon based conductors. The anode layer may be deposited using chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. Alternatively in one or more embodiments the printhead may be constructed by manufacturing a separate anode plane component, and then bonding the anode plane to the backplane.

A battery comprising an anode comprising anode material in contact with a metal anode current collector. The battery further comprises a cathode comprising cathode material in contact with a cathode current collector comprising a transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The battery further comprises an electrolyte with a pH in a range of 3 to 7.

The surface of a substrate made of stainless steel foil is coated with a Sn alloy layer, with a strike layer in between. The coating weight of the strike layer is 0.001 g/m.sup.2 to 1 g/m.sup.2.

The surface of a substrate made of stainless steel foil is coated with a Sn alloy layer, with a strike layer in between. The coating weight of the strike layer is 0.001 g/m.sup.2 to 1 g/m.sup.2.

Al—Mnx/Al—Mny multilayers with a wide range of structures ranging from microcrystalline to nanocrystalline and amorphous were electrodeposited using a single bath method under galvanostatic control from room temperature ionic liquid. By varying the Mn composition by −1-3 at. % between layers, the grain sizes in one material can be systematically modulated between two values. For example, one specimen alternates between grain sizes of about 21 and 52 nm, in an alloy of average composition of 10.3 at. % Mn. Nanoindentation testing revealed multilayers with finer grains and higher Mn content exhibited better resistance to plastic deformation. Other alloy systems also are expected to be electrodeposited under similar circumstances.