A titanium surface treatment method for manufacturing a polymer-titanium joint structure having excellent bond strength is provided. A titanium surface treatment method for bonding with a polymer composite includes a first etching step wherein the titanium surface is etched by acidic solution; a first surface treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated by ultrasonic wave; a second etching step wherein the titanium surface is etched again by acidic solution; a second surface treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated again by ultrasonic wave; a first silane coupling treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated by ultrasonic wave; a third surface treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated again by ultrasonic wave; and a second silane coupling treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated by anodic oxidation.

A titanium surface treatment method for manufacturing a polymer-titanium joint structure having excellent bond strength is provided. A titanium surface treatment method for bonding with a polymer composite includes a first etching step wherein the titanium surface is etched by acidic solution; a first surface treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated by ultrasonic wave; a second etching step wherein the titanium surface is etched again by acidic solution; a second surface treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated again by ultrasonic wave; a first silane coupling treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated by ultrasonic wave; a third surface treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated again by ultrasonic wave; and a second silane coupling treatment step wherein the titanium surface is treated by anodic oxidation.

A system and process for producing macro length carbon nanotubes is disclosed. A carbonate electrolyte including transition metal powder is provided between a nickel alloy anode and a nickel alloy cathode contained in a cell. The carbonate electrolyte is heated to a molten state. An electrical current is applied to the nickel alloy anode, nickel alloy cathode, and the molten carbonate electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode. The resulting carbon nanotube growth is collected from the cathode of the cell.

A system and process for producing macro length carbon nanotubes is disclosed. A carbonate electrolyte including transition metal powder is provided between a nickel alloy anode and a nickel alloy cathode contained in a cell. The carbonate electrolyte is heated to a molten state. An electrical current is applied to the nickel alloy anode, nickel alloy cathode, and the molten carbonate electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode. The resulting carbon nanotube growth is collected from the cathode of the cell.

At least one embodiment relates to a method for transforming at least part of a valve metal layer into a template that includes a plurality of spaced channels aligned longitudinally along a first direction. The method includes a first anodization step that includes anodizing the valve metal layer in a thickness direction to form a porous layer that includes a plurality of channels. Each channel has channel walls and a channel bottom. The channel bottom is coated with a first insulating metal oxide barrier layer as a result of the first anodization step. The method also includes a protective treatment. Further, the method includes a second anodization step after the protective treatment. The second anodization step substantially removes the first insulating metal oxide barrier layer, induces anodization, and creates a second insulating metal oxide barrier layer. In addition, the method includes an etching step.

At least one embodiment relates to a method for transforming at least part of a valve metal layer into a template that includes a plurality of spaced channels aligned longitudinally along a first direction. The method includes a first anodization step that includes anodizing the valve metal layer in a thickness direction to form a porous layer that includes a plurality of channels. Each channel has channel walls and a channel bottom. The channel bottom is coated with a first insulating metal oxide barrier layer as a result of the first anodization step. The method also includes a protective treatment. Further, the method includes a second anodization step after the protective treatment. The second anodization step substantially removes the first insulating metal oxide barrier layer, induces anodization, and creates a second insulating metal oxide barrier layer. In addition, the method includes an etching step.

The invention relates to a process for cationic electrodeposition coating using cationic water-dilutable binders comprising a water-soluble bismuth salt or chelate complex B, and a chain-extended epoxy-amine adduct EA which comprises moieties derived from epoxide compounds E2 having at least two epoxide groups per molecule, low molar mass epoxide compounds E3 having two epoxide groups per molecule, one or more of amidoamines A41 having at least one amide group and at least one amino group, made from amines A1 having at least two amino groups per molecule and a fatty acid A4, further amines A1, an amine A2 which has at least one secondary amino group per molecule, an amine A3 having at least one tertiary, and at least one primary amino group per molecule, fatty acids A4, and phenolic compounds A5 having at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups.

The invention relates to a process for cationic electrodeposition coating using cationic water-dilutable binders comprising a water-soluble bismuth salt or chelate complex B, and a chain-extended epoxy-amine adduct EA which comprises moieties derived from epoxide compounds E2 having at least two epoxide groups per molecule, low molar mass epoxide compounds E3 having two epoxide groups per molecule, one or more of amidoamines A41 having at least one amide group and at least one amino group, made from amines A1 having at least two amino groups per molecule and a fatty acid A4, further amines A1, an amine A2 which has at least one secondary amino group per molecule, an amine A3 having at least one tertiary, and at least one primary amino group per molecule, fatty acids A4, and phenolic compounds A5 having at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups.

The invention relates to a method for coating an organic or metallic material by covalent grafting of at least one organic compound A having at least one aromatic group substituted with a diazonium function, on a surface of said material, characterized in that the material is porous or fibrillar having a geometric surface area of at least 10 cm.sup.2 of material, and in that said method includes a step of continuous imposition of a non-zero pulsed current in an intensiostatic mode on the surface of the material in order to electrochemically reduce the diazonium ion or ions. The invention further relates to the resulting composite materials and to the use of such materials for manufacturing electrodes.

The invention relates to a method for coating an organic or metallic material by covalent grafting of at least one organic compound A having at least one aromatic group substituted with a diazonium function, on a surface of said material, characterized in that the material is porous or fibrillar having a geometric surface area of at least 10 cm.sup.2 of material, and in that said method includes a step of continuous imposition of a non-zero pulsed current in an intensiostatic mode on the surface of the material in order to electrochemically reduce the diazonium ion or ions. The invention further relates to the resulting composite materials and to the use of such materials for manufacturing electrodes.