According to one embodiment, a anodization apparatus includes: a first process tank used for an anodization process on a first portion of a substrate; a second process tank provided inside of the first process tank and used for the anodization process on a second portion of the substrate; a first electrolyte supply unit configured to supply a first electrolyte to the first process tank; a second electrolyte supply unit configured to supply a second electrolyte to the second process tank; a retainer configured to retain the substrate; a first electrode provided above the first process tank and/or the second process tank; and a second electrode provided below the first process tank and the second process tank.

The invention relates to a method for forming a lining on the walls of an inner pipe of a cast aluminium-alloy part, including inserting a cathode into the pipe, circulating an electrolyte solution in said pipe between the cathode and the walls of the pipe forming an anode, and applying a potential difference between the anode and the cathode, the method being characterised in that applying the potential difference between the anode and the cathode includes applying a series of DC voltage pulses to the anode. The invention also relates to a cylinder head in which the exhaust pipes are lined with a lining obtained by implementing said method.

A support element (S) for supporting implants (I), such as dental implants, the support element comprising a bar (S1) and a plurality of pins (S5) that are fitted to the bar (S1) and that are arranged parallel to one another, each pin (S5) defining a free end that is provided with reception means (S8) that are suitable for co-operating with the implant (S) so as to hold it on the reception means (S8) of the pin (S5), the bar (S1) including at least one mounting end (S4) for mounting the bar (S1) on another support device, thereby forming a support structure; the support element being characterized in that each pin (S5) is provided with a removal system (S9) for removing the implant (S) from the reception means (S8), without coming into contact with an exposed portion of the implant (S).

A method is disclosed for forming an article made of a metal matrix composite material having particles bonded to an anodizable matrix material. The method can include anodizing the anodizable matrix material to form an anodic layer on the anodizable matrix material. The method can also include machining at least a portion of the anodic layer.

The invention relates to a method and system for treating flue gases comprising generating a superimposed DC time-varying pulsed wave by superimposing a direct current on a low frequency time-varying pulsating electromagnetic wave signal, providing a treatment medium comprising water, using the superimposed DC pulsed wave to treat the treatment water medium, negatively charging the treated treatment water medium, and passing the negatively charged treated treatment water medium into a chamber containing flue gas such that the negatively charged treated treatment water affects the gas components of the flue gas and converts the gas components respectively to one or more of sulphates, nitrogen, oxygen, bicarbonates, carbonates and carbon, which can then be removed with used treatment water or exhaust gases.

In particular, the invention relates to methods and systems for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave comprising both AC and DC components in a pulsating manner to enable the removal of pollutant gases from flue gases.

The invention relates to a system for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to a target object or a target region that is formed by the target object and a medium surrounding the target object, comprising a device for generating a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave where the time-varying AC wave is riding on the predefined DC bias voltage. When applied to the object or region, the superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave is able to induce a flow of ionic current having a DC component traveling in a pulsating and time-varying manner in the target object and/or in the medium and effect induced vibration of electrons and molecules of the target object and the medium. The invention also relates to a method applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to a target object or a target region. The method and the system of the invention significantly reduce the capital cost and require very low energy, with the environmentally friendly final products, and are able to result in various treatment effects simultaneously.

The invention relates to a method and system for treating water within a water system to control one or more of scaling, corrosion, bacteria and algae. In particular, the invention relates to methods and systems for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave comprising both AC and DC components in a pulsating manner to water within a water system, such as, for example, cooling water systems, cooling towers, boiler systems and water storage systems. The method and the system of the invention significantly reduce capital costs and require very low energy, they avoid environmentally unfriendly final products, and are able to result in various treatment effects simultaneously.

The invention relates to a method and system for preventing corrosion of at least one metallic structure in an electrolyte medium, comprising applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to the structure, the method comprising the steps of generating a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave (DAC wave) where an AC driving signal with time-varying frequency is riding on a DC output with a predefined DC bias voltage, transmitting the DAC wave current to one or more emitters, emitting the DAC wave via the one or more emitters, placing the one or more emitters at a spaced distance from the metallic structure, subjecting the metallic structure to the DAC wave current, controlling the negative return current of the DAC wave from the metallic structure, such that the DAC wave is distributed across the structure surface and directly excites a target region of the metallic structure, and wherein the excitation induces a flow of ionic current having a DC component travelling in a pulsating and time-varying manner in the target region and effects induced vibration of electrons and molecules in the target region. The method and the system of the invention significantly reduce capital costs and require very low energy, they avoid environmentally unfriendly final products, and are able to result in effective corrosion protection of metallic structures in different surrounding conditions.

A substrate (1, 10) for electrical circuits, comprising at least one metal layer (2,3, 14) and a paper ceramic layer (11), which is joined face to face with the at least one metal layer (2,3, 14) and has a top side and bottom side (11a, 11b), wherein the paper ceramic layer (11) has a large number of cavities in the form of pores. Especially advantageously, the at least one metal layer (2, 3, 14) is connected to the paper ceramic layer (11) by means of at least one glue layer (6, 6a, 6b), which is produced by applying at least one glue (6a, 6a, 6b, 6b) to the metal layer (2,3, 14) and/or to the paper ceramic layer (11), wherein the cavities in the form of pores in the paper ceramic layer (11) are filled at least at the surface by means of the applied glue (6a, 6a, 6b,6b).

The invention relates to a substrate (1) for electrical circuits comprising at least one first composite layer (2) which is produced by means of roll cladding and, after said roll cladding, has at least one copper layer (3) and an aluminium layer (4) attached thereon, wherein at least the surface side of the aluminium layer (4) facing away from the copper layer (3) is anodized for the generation of an anodic or insulating layer (5) made of aluminium oxide, and wherein the anodic or insulating layer (5) made of aluminium oxide is connected to a metal layer (7) or at least one second composite layer (2) or at least one paper-ceramic layer (11) via at least one adhesive layer (6, 6).