A steel sheet for a container includes a steel sheet, a Sn coated layer which is provided as an upper layer of the steel sheet and contains Sn in an amount of 560 to 5600 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of Sn metal, and a chemical treatment layer which is provided as an upper layer of the Sn coated layer and contains a Zr compound in an amount of 3.0 to 30.0 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of Zr metal and a Mg compound in an amount of 0.50 to 5.00 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of Mg metal.

The present disclosure provides for methods of phosphidation, catalysts formed from phosphidation, and methods of producing H.sub.2.

The present disclosure provides for methods of phosphidation, catalysts formed from phosphidation, and methods of producing H.sub.2.

There is provided a surface-treated steel sheet (1) comprising: a tin-plated steel sheet (10) obtained by tin-plating a steel sheet (11); a phosphate compound layer (20) containing tin phosphate formed on the tin-plated steel sheet (10); and an aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) on the phosphate compound layer (20), a main constituent of the aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) being an aluminum-oxygen compound; wherein, when the 3d.sub.5/2 spectrum of tin in the aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) is determined using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the ratio of the integration value of the profile derived from tin oxide to the integration value of the profile derived from tin phosphate (tin oxide/tin phosphate) is 6.9 or more.

There is provided a surface-treated steel sheet (1) comprising: a tin-plated steel sheet (10) obtained by tin-plating a steel sheet (11); a phosphate compound layer (20) containing tin phosphate formed on the tin-plated steel sheet (10); and an aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) on the phosphate compound layer (20), a main constituent of the aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) being an aluminum-oxygen compound; wherein, when the 3d.sub.5/2 spectrum of tin in the aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) is determined using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the ratio of the integration value of the profile derived from tin oxide to the integration value of the profile derived from tin phosphate (tin oxide/tin phosphate) is 6.9 or more.

A method for manufacturing a copper composite electrode, including contacting a conductive substrate including copper with a phosphate solution for oxidation to produce a copper phosphate structure on a surface of the conductive substrate, thus acquiring a copper phosphate composite electrode.

A method for manufacturing a copper composite electrode, including contacting a conductive substrate including copper with a phosphate solution for oxidation to produce a copper phosphate structure on a surface of the conductive substrate, thus acquiring a copper phosphate composite electrode.

A part, such as an automotive part, is provided. The part includes at least two work pieces of steel which are joined together at a weld seam which includes at least one of nickel and iron and is substantially entirely free of silicate islands. The part also includes a painted, phosphated or electrocoated coating which is bonded with at least a portion of the substantially entirely silicate island free weld seam.

A part, such as an automotive part, is provided. The part includes at least two work pieces of steel which are joined together at a weld seam which includes at least one of nickel and iron and is substantially entirely free of silicate islands. The part also includes a painted, phosphated or electrocoated coating which is bonded with at least a portion of the substantially entirely silicate island free weld seam.

A method for electrolytically passivating an outermost chromium or chromium alloy layer to increase corrosion resistance thereof, including steps of (i) providing a substrate comprising said outermost chromium or chromium alloy layer, (ii) providing or manufacturing an aqueous, acidic passivation solution comprising trivalent chromium ions, phosphate ions, one or more organic acid residue anion, (iii) contacting the substrate with the passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode in the passivation solution such that a passivation layer is deposited onto the outermost layer,
wherein
the trivalent chromium ions are obtained by chemically reducing hexavalent chromium in presence of phosphoric acid and at least one reducing agent,
with the proviso that during or after the chemical reducing the one or more than one organic acid residue anion is present for the first time in the passivation solution.