Electroplating process is described for coating a ferrous alloy steel cathode substrate with an aluminum coating, the process comprises: a) immersing an aluminum anode substrate in a plating bath formulation comprising: a source of aluminum, an ionic liquid, a brightening agent, and a metal-salt compound; b) etching the cathode substrate by immersing it into the aluminum plating bath and conducting an anodic polarization step; c) electroplating the etched cathode substrate with the aluminum plating bath formulation; and d) rinsing with alcohol and water, and drying. Preferably, the process further comprises a heat treatment applied to the aluminum coated ferrous steel alloy obtained in step d).

Electroplating process is described for coating a ferrous alloy steel cathode substrate with an aluminum coating, the process comprises: a) immersing an aluminum anode substrate in a plating bath formulation comprising: a source of aluminum, an ionic liquid, a brightening agent, and a metal-salt compound; b) etching the cathode substrate by immersing it into the aluminum plating bath and conducting an anodic polarization step; c) electroplating the etched cathode substrate with the aluminum plating bath formulation; and d) rinsing with alcohol and water, and drying. Preferably, the process further comprises a heat treatment applied to the aluminum coated ferrous steel alloy obtained in step d).

The invention relates to a method and system for treating water within a water system to control one or more of scaling, corrosion, bacteria and algae. In particular, the invention relates to methods and systems for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave comprising both AC and DC components in a pulsating manner to water within a water system, such as, for example, cooling water systems, cooling towers, boiler systems and water storage systems. The method and the system of the invention significantly reduce capital costs and require very low energy, they avoid environmentally unfriendly final products, and are able to result in various treatment effects simultaneously.

The invention relates to a method and system for treating water within a water system to control one or more of scaling, corrosion, bacteria and algae. In particular, the invention relates to methods and systems for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave comprising both AC and DC components in a pulsating manner to water within a water system, such as, for example, cooling water systems, cooling towers, boiler systems and water storage systems. The method and the system of the invention significantly reduce capital costs and require very low energy, they avoid environmentally unfriendly final products, and are able to result in various treatment effects simultaneously.

The disclosure relates to a method and system for treating ballast water and ballast water treatment systems in order for treatment effects to be carried out, such as controlling the transportation of undesirable and invasive marine organisms. In particular, the disclosure relates to methods and systems for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave comprising both AC and DC components in a pulsating manner to ballast water within a ballast water treatment system.

The disclosure relates to a method and system for treating ballast water and ballast water treatment systems in order for treatment effects to be carried out, such as controlling the transportation of undesirable and invasive marine organisms. In particular, the disclosure relates to methods and systems for applying a superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave comprising both AC and DC components in a pulsating manner to ballast water within a ballast water treatment system.

Provided is a metallic coated steel product which is less likely to experience LME and blowhole formation and is likely to exhibit an improved corrosion resistance at welding heat affected zones. The metallic coated steel product is a hot-dip metallic coated steel product including a steel product and a plating layer that is provided on a surface of the steel product and includes a ZnAlMg alloy layer. In a cross-section of the ZnAlMg alloy layer an area fraction of MgZn.sub.2 phase is from 45 to 75%, a total area fraction of MgZn.sub.2 and Al phases is not less than 70%, and an area fraction of ZnAlMgZn.sub.2 ternary eutectic structure is from 0 to 5%; and the plating layer has a predetermined chemical composition.

It is provided a surface-treated steel sheet that can be produced without using hexavalent chromium and has excellent film wet adhesion and coating secondary adhesion as well as high film corrosion resistance and coating corrosion resistance. It is a surface-treated steel sheet having: a steel sheet; a metallic Cr layer disposed on at least one surface of the steel sheet; and a Cr oxide layer disposed on the metallic Cr layer, and the surface-treated steel sheet has a water contact angle of 50 or less and a total atomic ratio of K, Na, Mg, and Ca adsorbed on the surface to Cr of 5% or less.

It is provided a surface-treated steel sheet that can be produced without using hexavalent chromium and has excellent film wet adhesion and coating secondary adhesion as well as high film corrosion resistance and coating corrosion resistance. It is a surface-treated steel sheet having: a steel sheet; a metallic Cr layer disposed on at least one surface of the steel sheet; and a Cr oxide layer disposed on the metallic Cr layer, and the surface-treated steel sheet has a water contact angle of 50 or less and a total atomic ratio of K, Na, Mg, and Ca adsorbed on the surface to Cr of 5% or less.

A steel sheet for can making and methods for manufacturing the same. The steel sheet includes, in order from a steel sheet side, an iron-nickel diffusion layer, a metallic chromium layer, and a chromium oxide layer. The iron-nickel diffusion layer has a nickel coating weight of 50 mg/m.sup.2 to 500 mg/m.sup.2 per surface of the steel sheet and a thickness of 0.060 ?m to 0.500 ?m per surface of the steel sheet. The metallic chromium layer includes a flat-like metallic chromium sublayer and a granular metallic chromium sublayer placed on a surface of the flat-like metallic chromium sublayer. The total chromium coating weight of both sublayers per surface of the steel sheet is 60 mg/m.sup.2 to 200 mg/m.sup.2. The chromium oxide layer has a chromium coating weight 3 mg/m.sup.2 to 10 mg/m.sup.2 per surface of the steel sheet in terms of metallic chromium.