An electrode for use in bio-electrochemical systems is described, including: a substantially planar electrode material; a frame comprising a non-conductive substance; and one or more first conductive substances linked or secured to the frame. Bio-electrochemical systems, racks for inserting the electrode, and methods of using the racks are also described.

An electrode for use in bio-electrochemical systems is described, including: a substantially planar electrode material; a frame comprising a non-conductive substance; and one or more first conductive substances linked or secured to the frame. Bio-electrochemical systems, racks for inserting the electrode, and methods of using the racks are also described.

A method for passivating a metal surface of a light-weight metal part is disclosed, wherein a conversion layer is applied to the surface of the light-weight metal part in a passivation step. A passivation step is carried out wherein an aqueous passivation solution is used to create a calcium phosphate-containing conversion layer (5) on the metal surface of the part, said conversion layer comprising oxides and hydroxides from the material of the part and from the passivation solution and containing amino acids.

A method for passivating a metal surface of a light-weight metal part is disclosed, wherein a conversion layer is applied to the surface of the light-weight metal part in a passivation step. A passivation step is carried out wherein an aqueous passivation solution is used to create a calcium phosphate-containing conversion layer (5) on the metal surface of the part, said conversion layer comprising oxides and hydroxides from the material of the part and from the passivation solution and containing amino acids.

The present invention provides a method for forming a sensitive film for neutron detection, wherein the sensitive film is formed by electrophoresis coating, the liquid used for electrophoresis coating includes neutron sensitive material, electrophoresis paint and deionized water, and the neutron sensitive material is .sup.10B single substance, .sup.10B compound or mixture containing .sup.10B. The sensitive film for neutron detection has the high detection efficiency because of the high content of .sup.10B. The sensitive film for neutron detection has the uniform and stable film thickness, and excellent consistency. The production efficiency and the cost of the sensitive film are improved.

The present invention provides a method for forming a sensitive film for neutron detection, wherein the sensitive film is formed by electrophoresis coating, the liquid used for electrophoresis coating includes neutron sensitive material, electrophoresis paint and deionized water, and the neutron sensitive material is .sup.10B single substance, .sup.10B compound or mixture containing .sup.10B. The sensitive film for neutron detection has the high detection efficiency because of the high content of .sup.10B. The sensitive film for neutron detection has the uniform and stable film thickness, and excellent consistency. The production efficiency and the cost of the sensitive film are improved.

A method for high rate assembly of nanoelements into two-dimensional void patterns on a non-conductive substrate surface utilizes an applied electric field to stabilize against forces resulting from pulling the substrate through the surface of a nanoelement suspension. The electric field contours emanating from a conductive layer in the substrate, covered by an insulating layer, are modified by a patterned photoresist layer, resulting in an increased driving force for nanoelements to migrate from a liquid suspension to voids on a patterned substrate having a non-conductive surface. The method can be used for the production of microscale and nanoscale circuits, sensors, and other electronic devices.

A method for high rate assembly of nanoelements into two-dimensional void patterns on a non-conductive substrate surface utilizes an applied electric field to stabilize against forces resulting from pulling the substrate through the surface of a nanoelement suspension. The electric field contours emanating from a conductive layer in the substrate, covered by an insulating layer, are modified by a patterned photoresist layer, resulting in an increased driving force for nanoelements to migrate from a liquid suspension to voids on a patterned substrate having a non-conductive surface. The method can be used for the production of microscale and nanoscale circuits, sensors, and other electronic devices.

A coating method for a clad steel in which stainless sheets are combined on adjacent surfaces of an aluminum sheet may include preparing the clad steel, preparing a coating solution in which an epoxy resin and titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) powder are combined in an acrylic resin, etching the clad steel to improve adhesion property between the coating solution and the clad steel, heating the clad steel, and performing electrodeposition by immersing the clad steel in the coating solution.

A coating method for a clad steel in which stainless sheets are combined on adjacent surfaces of an aluminum sheet may include preparing the clad steel, preparing a coating solution in which an epoxy resin and titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) powder are combined in an acrylic resin, etching the clad steel to improve adhesion property between the coating solution and the clad steel, heating the clad steel, and performing electrodeposition by immersing the clad steel in the coating solution.