A surface treatment device includes at least one paddle in a plate shape, in a surface treatment tank, for stirring a surface treatment solution near a substrate by reciprocally moving the paddle with respect to the substrate. The paddle is configured by integrally forming multiple square bars provided in a depth direction or a horizontal direction of the surface treatment solution at regular intervals along the substrate. A liquid draining member for draining a liquid is arranged in at least one side of an end of the paddle.

A paddle capable of reducing an influence of blocking the electric field and capable of improving its mechanical strength is disclosed. The paddle, which is configured to agitate a processing liquid in a processing tank by moving in the processing tank, includes a plurality of agitating beams that form a honeycomb structure. The honeycomb structure has a plurality of hexagonal through-holes formed by the plurality of agitating beams.

A paddle capable of reducing an influence of blocking the electric field and capable of improving its mechanical strength is disclosed. The paddle, which is configured to agitate a processing liquid in a processing tank by moving in the processing tank, includes a plurality of agitating beams that form a honeycomb structure. The honeycomb structure has a plurality of hexagonal through-holes formed by the plurality of agitating beams.

A method comprises depositing a barrier layer on a dielectric layer to prevent oxidation of a metal layer to be deposited by electroplating due to an oxide present in the dielectric layer and depositing a doped liner layer on the barrier layer to bond with the metal layer to be deposited on the liner layer by the electroplating. The dopant forms a protective passivation layer on a surface of the liner layer and dissolves during the electroplating so that the metal layer deposited on the liner layer by the electroplating bonds with the liner layer. The dopant reacts with the dielectric layer and forms a layer of a compound between the barrier layer and the dielectric layer. The compound layer prevents oxidation of the barrier layer and the liner layer due to the oxide present in the dielectric layer and adheres the barrier layer to the dielectric layer.

A moisture-electrolyzing apparatus for a lamp, may include a first electrode, connected to an electrode of a power source and exposed to an internal space of a lamp housing; a second electrode, connected to another electrode of the power source and exposed to the internal space of the lamp housing, with a gap formed between the first electrode and the second electrode; a dielectric, applied to a surface of either the first electrode or the second electrode, the surface facing a remaining one of the first electrode or the second electrode; and an electric discharge passage, formed between the first electrode and the second electrode, in which air in the lamp circulates and in which moisture in the air is electrolyzed by electric discharge occurring between the first electrode and the second electrode.

A surface treatment system includes a surface treatment tank, a first guide rail and a second guide rail that extend at a position offset from a position over the upper opening of the surface treatment tank, and a plurality of transfer jigs that respectively hold a workpiece and are supported by the first guide rail and the second guide rail. The transfer jig includes a horizontal arm section, a first guide target section that is guided by the first guide rail, a second guide target section that is guided by the second guide rail, and a vertical arm section that is suspended from the horizontal arm section at a position between the first guide target section and the second guide target section, and holds the workpiece.

A surface treatment system includes a surface treatment tank, a first guide rail and a second guide rail that extend at a position offset from a position over the upper opening of the surface treatment tank, and a plurality of transfer jigs that respectively hold a workpiece and are supported by the first guide rail and the second guide rail. The transfer jig includes a horizontal arm section, a first guide target section that is guided by the first guide rail, a second guide target section that is guided by the second guide rail, and a vertical arm section that is suspended from the horizontal arm section at a position between the first guide target section and the second guide target section, and holds the workpiece.

Multipurpose electrolytic device (EMPD) for forced or spontaneous electrolytic processes, which incorporates selective and unidirectional ion exchange membranes in order to separate between two or more compartments and allow electrical conductivity therebetween, with independent electrolytes for controlled electrolytic ion transformation, regardless of the chemical composition of the electrolyte containing the element of interest, with high faradaic efficiency and high energy performance. The invention also relates to a method. The device can be used for processes such as metal electrowinning (EW), metal electrorefining, electrooxidation (EOXI) and electroreduction (ERED) of ionic species. The device uses two independent, energetically suitable electrolytes, which allow controlled electrolytic ion transformation, with high faradaic efficiency and high energy performance, unlike current forced electrolysis methods, which operate with a common electrolyte. The device can be used in any aqueous medium, for example an acid environment, such as sulphuric, hydrochloric or other acid, a caustic-soda-based alkaline, or ammonium, thiocyanate or thiosulfate salts, with or without the presence of organic reactants.

The invention relates to a combined electrolytic system for precipitating different types of metals (copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, cobalt, silver, gold) and regenerating reagents for the leaching of metal sulphurs from solutions from leaching in a sulphuric-oxidising or hydrochloric-oxidising environment, including a process that permits the combining of the current reduction processes followed by oxidising processes which are complex and potentially dangerous from an environmental point of view, thereby preventing the risky transportation of dangerous substances, loading and unloading operations, storage and manipulation of toxic materials, and reducing the environmentally contaminating waste, producing a commercial-quality cathodic product and a solution that is re-used in the leaching process. The system comprises a membrane cell device (3) that is connected via ducts and valves to one or more oxidising agent tanks (7), to one or more anodic solution tanks (6) and to one or more cathodic solution tanks (2), wherein said membrane device (3) is formed by one or more cathodic compartments (4) and by one or more anode compartments (5), wherein each of the cathodic compartment(s) (4) is/are separated from each of the anode compartment(s) (5) by a membrane for selective and uni-directional ion exchange.

Described herein are apparatus and methods for the continuous application of nanolaminated materials by electrodeposition.