A method of forming a one-dimensional nanoarray of In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanowires on indium foil is disclosed. The nanowires of In.sub.2O.sub.3 have diameters of 30 nm-50 nm and lengths of 100 nm-200 nm, and are attached to and substantially perpendicular to the surface of the indium foil. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may have a nanowire density of 200-300 nanowires per m.sup.2 indium foil and a band gap energy of 2.63-3.63 eV. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may be formed by anodization of indium foil in an electrochemical cell subjected to a voltage of 15-25 V at room temperature.

A method of forming a one-dimensional nanoarray of In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanowires on indium foil is disclosed. The nanowires of In.sub.2O.sub.3 have diameters of 30 nm-50 nm and lengths of 100 nm-200 nm, and are attached to and substantially perpendicular to the surface of the indium foil. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may have a nanowire density of 200-300 nanowires per m.sup.2 indium foil and a band gap energy of 2.63-3.63 eV. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may be formed by anodization of indium foil in an electrochemical cell subjected to a voltage of 15-25 V at room temperature.

A method of forming a one-dimensional nanoarray of In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanowires on indium foil is disclosed. The nanowires of In.sub.2O.sub.3 have diameters of 30 nm-50 nm and lengths of 100 nm-200 nm, and are attached to and substantially perpendicular to the surface of the indium foil. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may have a nanowire density of 200-300 nanowires per m.sup.2 indium foil and a band gap energy of 2.63-3.63 eV. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may be formed by anodization of indium foil in an electrochemical cell subjected to a voltage of 15-25 V at room temperature.

A method of forming a one-dimensional nanoarray of In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanowires on indium foil is disclosed. The nanowires of In.sub.2O.sub.3 have diameters of 30 nm-50 nm and lengths of 100 nm-200 nm, and are attached to and substantially perpendicular to the surface of the indium foil. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may have a nanowire density of 200-300 nanowires per m.sup.2 indium foil and a band gap energy of 2.63-3.63 eV. The In.sub.2O.sub.3 nanoarray may be formed by anodization of indium foil in an electrochemical cell subjected to a voltage of 15-25 V at room temperature.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for the controlled crystallization of a compound. The controlled crystallization is achieved by applying an electric field across solutions of target compound and precipitant, whereby the electric field controls the rate of mixing.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for the controlled crystallization of a compound. The controlled crystallization is achieved by applying an electric field across solutions of target compound and precipitant, whereby the electric field controls the rate of mixing.

The present invention relates to novel gold nanocrystals and nanocrystal shape distributions that have surfaces that are substantially free from organic impurities or films. Specifically, the surfaces are clean relative to the surfaces of gold nanoparticles made using chemical reduction processes that require organic reductants and/or surfactants to grow gold nanoparticles from gold ions in solution.

The invention includes novel electrochemical manufacturing apparatuses and techniques for making the gold-based nanocrystals. The invention further includes pharmaceutical compositions thereof and the use of the gold nanocrystals or suspensions or colloids thereof for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions for which gold therapy is already known and more generally for conditions resulting from pathological cellular activation, such as inflammatory (including chronic inflammatory) conditions, autoimmune conditions, hypersensitivity reactions and/or cancerous diseases or conditions. In one embodiment, the condition is mediated by MIF (macrophage migration inhibiting factor).

The present invention relates to novel gold nanocrystals and nanocrystal shape distributions that have surfaces that are substantially free from organic impurities or films. Specifically, the surfaces are clean relative to the surfaces of gold nanoparticles made using chemical reduction processes that require organic reductants and/or surfactants to grow gold nanoparticles from gold ions in solution.

The invention includes novel electrochemical manufacturing apparatuses and techniques for making the gold-based nanocrystals. The invention further includes pharmaceutical compositions thereof and the use of the gold nanocrystals or suspensions or colloids thereof for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions for which gold therapy is already known and more generally for conditions resulting from pathological cellular activation, such as inflammatory (including chronic inflammatory) conditions, autoimmune conditions, hypersensitivity reactions and/or cancerous diseases or conditions. In one embodiment, the condition is mediated by MIF (macrophage migration inhibiting factor).

Provided are a protein crystal device and method for crystallizing protein capable of generating protein crystal without imparting a heat effect, a protein crystal-cutting device and method for cutting protein crystal capable of cutting protein crystal without imparting a heat effect on protein crystal, and bubble-jetting member and protein-adsorbing-bubble-jetting member used in said device. A bubble-jetting member is used in a protein crystal device to jet bubbles into a protein solution to thereby allow protein crystals to be obtained, the bubble-jetting member comprising: a core formed of a conductive material; a shell part formed of an insulating material, including an extended section extending from the tip of the core, and in which at least a portion closely adheres to the core to cover the core; and a gap having a bubble-jetting port, the gap being formed between the extended section and the tip of the core.

Provided are a protein crystal device and method for crystallizing protein capable of generating protein crystal without imparting a heat effect, a protein crystal-cutting device and method for cutting protein crystal capable of cutting protein crystal without imparting a heat effect on protein crystal, and bubble-jetting member and protein-adsorbing-bubble-jetting member used in said device. A bubble-jetting member is used in a protein crystal device to jet bubbles into a protein solution to thereby allow protein crystals to be obtained, the bubble-jetting member comprising: a core formed of a conductive material; a shell part formed of an insulating material, including an extended section extending from the tip of the core, and in which at least a portion closely adheres to the core to cover the core; and a gap having a bubble-jetting port, the gap being formed between the extended section and the tip of the core.