Provided is a method for forming a chalcogenide thin film, the method including forming a chalcogen element-containing film on a carrier substrate, disposing the chalcogen element-containing film on a silicon wafer, wherein the surface of the silicon wafer and the surface of the chalcogen element-containing film are in contact with each other, performing heat treatment on the silicon wafer and the chalcogen element-containing film at least one time, and removing the carrier substrate. The silicon wafer has a crystal plane of (111).

Provided is a method for forming a chalcogenide thin film, the method including forming a chalcogen element-containing film on a carrier substrate, disposing the chalcogen element-containing film on a silicon wafer, wherein the surface of the silicon wafer and the surface of the chalcogen element-containing film are in contact with each other, performing heat treatment on the silicon wafer and the chalcogen element-containing film at least one time, and removing the carrier substrate. The silicon wafer has a crystal plane of (111).

A method for synthesizing an intergrown twin Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2/MoS.sub.2 two-dimensional nanosheet with exposed (00L) crystal planes is disclosed. An Ni-Mo bonded precursor is formed by using an ion insertion method to restrict Ni ions to be located in a lattice matrix of a Mo-based compound; a dinuclear metal sulfide Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2 is formed by precisely adjusting and controlling a concentration of a sulfur atmosphere and utilizing a reconstruction effect of Ni element in the lattice matrix of the Mo-based compound; and meanwhile, a growth direction of Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2 is precisely adjusted and controlled by using a method for growing a single crystal in a limited area, so that Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2 is grown, taking a single crystal MoS.sub.2 as a growth template, with the single crystal MoS.sub.2 alternately along a crystal plane (110) of the single crystal MoS.sub.2, so as to form a twin Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2/MoS.sub.2 two-dimensional nanosheet in which Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2and MoS.sub.2 are intergrown.

A method for synthesizing an intergrown twin Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2/MoS.sub.2 two-dimensional nanosheet with exposed (00L) crystal planes is disclosed. An Ni-Mo bonded precursor is formed by using an ion insertion method to restrict Ni ions to be located in a lattice matrix of a Mo-based compound; a dinuclear metal sulfide Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2 is formed by precisely adjusting and controlling a concentration of a sulfur atmosphere and utilizing a reconstruction effect of Ni element in the lattice matrix of the Mo-based compound; and meanwhile, a growth direction of Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2 is precisely adjusted and controlled by using a method for growing a single crystal in a limited area, so that Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2 is grown, taking a single crystal MoS.sub.2 as a growth template, with the single crystal MoS.sub.2 alternately along a crystal plane (110) of the single crystal MoS.sub.2, so as to form a twin Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2/MoS.sub.2 two-dimensional nanosheet in which Ni.sub.2Mo.sub.6S.sub.6O.sub.2and MoS.sub.2 are intergrown.

A lithium metal negative electrode for an electrochemical cell for a secondary lithium metal battery includes a polycrystalline metal substrate having a major facing surface with a defined crystallographic texture. An epitaxial lithium metal layer is formed on the major facing surface of the polycrystalline metal substrate. The epitaxial lithium metal layer exhibits a predominant crystal orientation. The predominant crystal orientation of the epitaxial lithium metal layer is derived from the defined crystallographic texture of the major facing surface of the polycrystalline metal substrate.

A lithium metal negative electrode for an electrochemical cell for a secondary lithium metal battery includes a polycrystalline metal substrate having a major facing surface with a defined crystallographic texture. An epitaxial lithium metal layer is formed on the major facing surface of the polycrystalline metal substrate. The epitaxial lithium metal layer exhibits a predominant crystal orientation. The predominant crystal orientation of the epitaxial lithium metal layer is derived from the defined crystallographic texture of the major facing surface of the polycrystalline metal substrate.

Nanostructures including a first semiconductor nanocrystal including zinc and selenium, and a second semiconductor nanocrystal including a zinc chalcogenide, wherein a composition of the second semiconductor nanocrystal is different from a composition of the first semiconductor nanocrystal, wherein the nanostructures further include tellurium, wherein in the nanostructures, a mole ratio of selenium to tellurium is greater than or equal to about 0.83:1 and less than or equal to about 10:1, wherein a derivative thermogravimetry curve of the nanostructures has an extreme value in a temperature range of greater than or equal to about 250° C. and less than or equal to about 420° C.

A multilayer organic thin film includes a plurality of biaxially-oriented layers, where each layer is characterized by mutually orthogonal refractive indices, n.sub.1≠n.sub.2≠n.sub.3. In example structures, the corresponding in-plane refractive indices of adjacent layers may be rotated with respect to each other by a predetermined angle. Such a multilayer may be incorporated into a circular reflective polarizer, for example, which may be used in display systems to provide high broadband efficiency and high off-axis contrast. In an example process, individual organic thin films may be molded, and then oriented and stacked to form a multilayer.

A multilayer organic thin film includes a plurality of biaxially-oriented layers, where each layer is characterized by mutually orthogonal refractive indices, n.sub.1≠n.sub.2≠n.sub.3. In example structures, the corresponding in-plane refractive indices of adjacent layers may be rotated with respect to each other by a predetermined angle. Such a multilayer may be incorporated into a circular reflective polarizer, for example, which may be used in display systems to provide high broadband efficiency and high off-axis contrast. In an example process, individual organic thin films may be molded, and then oriented and stacked to form a multilayer.

A balanced-lattice-ledge nucleant having ledge inducing local densification of proteins and a balanced-lattice inducing self-organized crystal packing. Using this balanced-lattice-ledge nucleant enhances nucleation of protein crystals.