The present disclosure may provide a metal-graphene composite having excellent mechanical properties.

An electric field drives nanocrystals dispersed in solvents to assemble into ordered three-dimensional superlattices. A first electrode and a second electrode 214 are in the vessel. The electrodes face each other. A fluid containing charged nanocrystals fills the vessel between the electrodes. The electrodes are connected to a voltage supply which produces an electrical field between the electrodes. The nanocrystals will migrate toward one of the electrodes and accumulate on the electrode producing ordered nanocrystal accumulation that will provide a superlattice thin film, isolated superlattice islands, or coalesced superlattice islands.

An electric field drives nanocrystals dispersed in solvents to assemble into ordered three-dimensional superlattices. A first electrode and a second electrode 214 are in the vessel. The electrodes face each other. A fluid containing charged nanocrystals fills the vessel between the electrodes. The electrodes are connected to a voltage supply which produces an electrical field between the electrodes. The nanocrystals will migrate toward one of the electrodes and accumulate on the electrode producing ordered nanocrystal accumulation that will provide a superlattice thin film, isolated superlattice islands, or coalesced superlattice islands.

A high-strength coatings and methods of fabrication to yield single-crystal-like nickel containing nanotwins and stacking faults.

A high-strength coatings and methods of fabrication to yield single-crystal-like nickel containing nanotwins and stacking faults.

An electroplating copper layer includes bamboo-like copper crystal particles having a highly preferred orientation. The bamboo-like copper crystal particles have a long axis direction and a short axis direction, and the bamboo-like copper crystal particles have a length of 20 nm to 5 μm in the long axis direction and a length of 20 nm to 2 μm in the short axis direction. The bamboo-like copper crystal particles have a uniform particle size, and the electroplating copper layer has a major diffraction peak at a 2θ angle of about 44°.

An electroplating copper layer includes bamboo-like copper crystal particles having a highly preferred orientation. The bamboo-like copper crystal particles have a long axis direction and a short axis direction, and the bamboo-like copper crystal particles have a length of 20 nm to 5 μm in the long axis direction and a length of 20 nm to 2 μm in the short axis direction. The bamboo-like copper crystal particles have a uniform particle size, and the electroplating copper layer has a major diffraction peak at a 2θ angle of about 44°.

Reduced and low work function materials capable of optimizing electron emission performance in a range of vacuum and nanoscale electronic devices and processes and a method for reducing work function and producing reduced and low work function materials are described. The reduced and low work function materials advantageously may be made from single crystal materials, preferably metals, and from amorphous materials with optimal thicknesses for the materials. A surface geometry is created that may significantly reduce work function and produce a reduced or low work function for the material. It is anticipated that low and ultra-low work function materials may be produced by the present invention and that these materials will have particular utility in the optimization of electron emissions in a wide range of vacuum microelectronics and other nanoscale electronics and processes.

A method of making 2D material such as graphene includes introducing a purge gas into a gas confining space within a reaction chamber to purge the gas confining space of oxygen; introducing a donor gas into the gas confining space within the reaction chamber; moving a forming layer within the gas confining space within the reaction chamber when the donor gas is within the gas confining space; and heating the forming layer within the gas confining space to a temperature sufficient to form 2D material while the gas confining space is open to a surrounding atmosphere.

A method of making 2D material such as graphene includes introducing a purge gas into a gas confining space within a reaction chamber to purge the gas confining space of oxygen; introducing a donor gas into the gas confining space within the reaction chamber; moving a forming layer within the gas confining space within the reaction chamber when the donor gas is within the gas confining space; and heating the forming layer within the gas confining space to a temperature sufficient to form 2D material while the gas confining space is open to a surrounding atmosphere.