The present invention provides a novel method for identifying a molecular structure by a single crystal X-ray analysis. A single crystal that gives an X-ray diffraction spectrum sufficient for determining a structure of a molecule can be efficiently obtained by including a test molecule in a metal complex, and then crystallizing the test-molecule included in the metal complex. By analyzing this single crystal by an X-ray analysis, it is possible to determine a structure of the test molecule without obtaining a single crystal of the test molecule. With the novel method according to the present invention, the structure of a test molecule in a trace amount of a sample can also be determined.

A device for fabricating a crystalline conversion layer from a growth solution, has a first wall and a substrate defining between them a crystalline growth cavity; a device for inlet/outlet of the solution controlling, over time, at least the supply or extraction of the growth solution to and from the crystalline growth cavity; a heating device creating a temperature profile in the crystalline growth cavity, the substrate or the first wall; the temperature profile controlling a free formation of the crystalline conversion layer over a thickness of greater than 1 micrometer, in a direction mainly transverse to forming face; the whole of the thickness of the crystalline conversion layer being obtained by the free formation of the crystalline conversion layer.

The present disclosure relates to a method of preparing a single crystal perovskite on a flexible substrate.

A refining method according to the present invention is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including: setting, as a target wavelength, a specific infrared wavelength at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent; and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength. The specific infrared wavelength is preferably set as the target wavelength based on an infrared absorption spectrum of the crystal form and the dissolution rate of the compound in the solvent.

A nonlinear optical crystal of guanidinium tetrafluoroborate has a chemical formula of [C(NH.sub.2).sub.3]BF.sub.4 and a molecular weight of 146.89, belongs to the trigonal crystal system, has a space group of R3m; has lattice parameters of a=7.4634(10)Å, b=7.4634(10)Å, c=9.1216(19) (6)Å, and Z=3; has an ultraviolet cutoff edge of 200 nm; and has a frequency-multiplication response that is 4-5 times that of the commercialized nonlinear optical crystal KDP. A hydrothermal method, a room-temperature solution method, an evaporation method or a solvothermal method is used to grow the crystal in a centimeter-scaled size. The crystal can produce frequency-doubling, frequency-tripling, frequency-quadrupling, frequency-quintupling or frequency-sextupling harmonic light output from the fundamental frequency light of 1064 nm generated by a Nd:YAG laser, and/or can produce ultraviolet and deep-ultraviolet frequency-multiplication light output below 200 nm.

A nonlinear optical crystal of guanidinium tetrafluoroborate has a chemical formula of [C(NH.sub.2).sub.3]BF.sub.4 and a molecular weight of 146.89, belongs to the trigonal crystal system, has a space group of R3m; has lattice parameters of a=7.4634(10)Å, b=7.4634(10)Å, c=9.1216(19) (6)Å, and Z=3; has an ultraviolet cutoff edge of 200 nm; and has a frequency-multiplication response that is 4-5 times that of the commercialized nonlinear optical crystal KDP. A hydrothermal method, a room-temperature solution method, an evaporation method or a solvothermal method is used to grow the crystal in a centimeter-scaled size. The crystal can produce frequency-doubling, frequency-tripling, frequency-quadrupling, frequency-quintupling or frequency-sextupling harmonic light output from the fundamental frequency light of 1064 nm generated by a Nd:YAG laser, and/or can produce ultraviolet and deep-ultraviolet frequency-multiplication light output below 200 nm.

The present invention provides microfabricated substrates and methods of conducting reactions within these substrates. The reactions occur in plugs transported in the flow of a carrier-fluid.

The present invention provides microfabricated substrates and methods of conducting reactions within these substrates. The reactions occur in plugs transported in the flow of a carrier-fluid.

The present invention provides microfabricated substrates and methods of conducting reactions within these substrates. The reactions occur in plugs transported in the flow of a carrier-fluid.

The present invention provides microfabricated substrates and methods of conducting reactions within these substrates. The reactions occur in plugs transported in the flow of a carrier-fluid.