A manufacturing method includes: (1) providing M-M′ nanowires, wherein M′ is at least one sacrificial metal different from M; and (2) subjecting the M-M′ nanowires to electrochemical de-alloying to form jagged M nanowires.

A nanostructure is made of a plurality of nanocrystals on at least one surface or surface region of a titanium body. A method for generating such nanostructure is by means of hydrothermal oxidation. Thereby, the nanocrystals have a basic tetragonal-pyramidal shape, at least in some regions. The area density of the nanocrystals is between 40 and 400 per μm.sup.2, wherein the area density decreases with increasing crystal height. The average spacing of 50 to 160 nm of adjacent nanocrystals is obtained at a nanocrystal height of 23 to 100 nm. This provides a titanium-based, bactericidal and hydrophilic nanostructure for implant surfaces and, at the same time, a corresponding manufacturing method with which the size and distribution of the nanocrystals forming a nanostructure that facilitates healing can be determined.

A SiC ingot includes a core portion; and a surface layer that is formed on a plane of the core portion in a growing direction, and a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the surface layer is smaller than a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the core portion.

A core-shell nanowire, a method of forming the core-shell nanowire and a stretchable composite comprising the core-shell nanowire are provided. The core-shell nanowire comprises a core comprising a conductive metal and a shell comprising a biocompatible metal. The method of forming the core-shell nanowire comprises a step of forming a core-shell nanowire by carrying out epitaxial growth of a biocompatible metal on a surface of a core comprising a conductive metal. The stretchable composite comprises a first core-shell nanowire/polymer composite comprising first core-shell nanowires and a first polymer, a first insulating layer disposed on the first core-shell nanowire/polymer composite, and a second core-shell nanowire/polymer composite disposed on the first insulating layer and comprising second core-shell nanowires and a second polymer.

A core-shell nanowire, a method of forming the core-shell nanowire and a stretchable composite comprising the core-shell nanowire are provided. The core-shell nanowire comprises a core comprising a conductive metal and a shell comprising a biocompatible metal. The method of forming the core-shell nanowire comprises a step of forming a core-shell nanowire by carrying out epitaxial growth of a biocompatible metal on a surface of a core comprising a conductive metal. The stretchable composite comprises a first core-shell nanowire/polymer composite comprising first core-shell nanowires and a first polymer, a first insulating layer disposed on the first core-shell nanowire/polymer composite, and a second core-shell nanowire/polymer composite disposed on the first insulating layer and comprising second core-shell nanowires and a second polymer.

Organic-inorganic perovskite nanoparticle compositions are described herein. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle composition comprises a layer of organic-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals, the organic-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals comprising surfaces associated with ligands of size unable to incorporate into octahedral corner sites of the perovskite crystal structure.

Organic-inorganic perovskite nanoparticle compositions are described herein. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle composition comprises a layer of organic-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals, the organic-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals comprising surfaces associated with ligands of size unable to incorporate into octahedral corner sites of the perovskite crystal structure.

The present disclosure is directed to compositions comprising at least one layer having first and second surfaces, each layer comprising: a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells, each crystal cell having an empirical formula of M′.sub.2M″nX.sub.n+1, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M′ and M″; wherein M′ and M″ each comprise different Group 11113, WE, VB, or VIB metals; each X is C, N, or a combination thereof; n=1 or 2; and wherein the M′ atoms are substantially present as two-dimensional outer arrays of atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells; the M″ atoms are substantially present as two-dimensional inner arrays of atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells; and the two dimensional inner arrays of M″ atoms are sandwiched between the two-dimensional outer arrays of M′ atoms within the two-dimensional army of crystal cells.

The present disclosure is directed to compositions comprising at least one layer having first and second surfaces, each layer comprising: a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells, each crystal cell having an empirical formula of M′.sub.2M″nX.sub.n+1, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M′ and M″; wherein M′ and M″ each comprise different Group 11113, WE, VB, or VIB metals; each X is C, N, or a combination thereof; n=1 or 2; and wherein the M′ atoms are substantially present as two-dimensional outer arrays of atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells; the M″ atoms are substantially present as two-dimensional inner arrays of atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells; and the two dimensional inner arrays of M″ atoms are sandwiched between the two-dimensional outer arrays of M′ atoms within the two-dimensional army of crystal cells.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.