Integrated non-linear complex oxide (NLCO) thin film artificial structures include tailored microstructural and crystalline phases for designed material architectures and a method of fabrication. A nano-scale poly crystal-amorphous composite film includes an amorphous matrix surrounding crystalline domains/inclusions of the form of particles, platelets, rods and/or needles, etc. Artificial thin film layered material configurations include bilayers, repeat unit cell bilayers with variable stacking periodicity (N), and multilayers whereby each individual layer, ni, exhibits a different microstructural crystallinity phase state, hence the microstructural phase state is variable in the vertical direction perpendicular to the substrate. NLCO elements can be organized in array configurations. The method to create the integrated NLCO thin film artificial structures combines metal-organic solution deposition (MOSD) film fabrication and microwave irradiation (MWI) processing, is tailorable and creates artificial thin film material structures composed of differing microstructural crystalline phase states simultaneously within a single thermal treatment step.

A non-enzymatic glucose biosensor and a manufacturing method thereof and a manufacturing method of a nanometal catalyst are provided. The non-enzymatic glucose biosensor includes a voltage source and a working electrode. The working electrode is electrically connected to the voltage source, wherein the working electrode includes a substrate and a nanometal catalyst. The nanometal catalyst is deposited on the substrate and includes polygonal block nanostructures, wherein the nanometal catalyst catalyzes the oxidation reaction of glucose.

A process for producing a cube textured foil is described. The process includes providing a cube textured metal foil M. The process further includes electroplating an epitaxial layer of an alloy on the foil M, whereby the epitaxial layer substantially replicates the cube texture of the metal foil M. The process further includes electroplating a non-epitaxial layer of an alloy on the epitaxial layer. The process further includes separating the electroplated alloy from the cube textured metal foil M to obtain an electro-formed alloy with one cube textured surface.

A process for producing a cube textured foil is described. The process includes providing a cube textured metal foil M. The process further includes electroplating an epitaxial layer of an alloy on the foil M, whereby the epitaxial layer substantially replicates the cube texture of the metal foil M. The process further includes electroplating a non-epitaxial layer of an alloy on the epitaxial layer. The process further includes separating the electroplated alloy from the cube textured metal foil M to obtain an electro-formed alloy with one cube textured surface.

There is disclosed a system for the electrostatic control of a metal wetting layer during deposition and a method of electrostatically controlling a metal wetting layer during deposition using a deposition system. In one example, control of the metal wetting layer is provided by changing or applying an electrostatic field acting on a deposited material or acting on a substrate on which a material is deposited. In another example, control is of the thickness of the metal wetting layer. In another example, control is of the presence or absence of the metal wetting layer. The metal wetting layer can be a liquid metal or liquid metal alloy, for example the metal wetting layer could be Boron, Aluminium, Indium, Gallium or Thallium. In another example, control is of the thickness, or presence, of a Gallium wetting layer during GaN film growth.

A single-crystalline metal is created on a substrate by liquefying a metal material contained within a crucible while in contact with a surface of the substrate, cooling the metal material by causing a temperature gradient effected in the substrate in a direction that is neutral along the surface of the substrate and, therein, growing the single-crystalline metal in the crucible.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

A sliding member includes a base layer that includes soft particles made of a soft material deposited in a matrix and a soft layer made of a soft material. The soft material is softer than the matrix, the soft layer is formed on a surface of the base layer, and an average epitaxial index of the soft particles at the boundary portion of the sliding member is equal to or greater than 70% and less than or equal to 100%. The epitaxial index of a soft particle at the boundary portion is a ratio of: a portion of a length between a first endpoint and a second endpoint of a soft particle where an edge of the boundary portion is not visible within an area less than 1 m from the length between the first endpoint and the second endpoint, to the length between the first endpoint and the second endpoint.

Disclosed herein are methods of preparing a composition comprising crystalline biomolecules, for example, crystalline antibodies. In exemplary embodiments, the method comprises forming a fluidized bed of crystalline biomolecules using, for example, a counter-flow centrifuge to exchange buffer and/or to concentrate the crystalline biomolecules in a solution. Also provided are methods of detecting crystalline biomolecules and/or amorphous biomolecules in a sample.