Technologies relating to a magnetic resonance spectrometer are disclosed. The magnetic resonance spectrometer may include a doped nanostructured crystal. By nanostructuring the surface of the crystal, the sensor-sample contact area of the crystal can be increased. As a result of the increased sensor-sample contact area, the output fluorescence signal emitted from the crystal is also increased, with corresponding reductions in measurement acquisition time and requisite sample volumes.

A window assembly heat transfer system is disclosed in which a window member has a selected transparency to monitored or sensed light wavelengths. One or more passages are provided in the window member for flowing a single-phase or two-phase heat transfer fluid, the passages being optically non-transparent to the monitored or sensed light wavelengths. A mechanism allows either evaporation or condensation of the fluid and/or balancing of a flow of the fluid within the passages. In one embodiment, the window assembly can be made by producing passages in a top surface of a first single plate, optionally producing passages in a bottom surface of a second single plate and bonding the top surface of the first plate to a bottom surface of a second single plate to form the window member with the passage or passages. In another embodiment, the window assembly can be made by providing a core around which the window member material is grown and thereafter removing the core to produce the passage or passages.

A window assembly heat transfer system is disclosed in which a window member has a selected transparency to monitored or sensed light wavelengths. One or more passages are provided in the window member for flowing a single-phase or two-phase heat transfer fluid, the passages being optically non-transparent to the monitored or sensed light wavelengths. A mechanism allows either evaporation or condensation of the fluid and/or balancing of a flow of the fluid within the passages. In one embodiment, the window assembly can be made by producing passages in a top surface of a first single plate, optionally producing passages in a bottom surface of a second single plate and bonding the top surface of the first plate to a bottom surface of a second single plate to form the window member with the passage or passages. In another embodiment, the window assembly can be made by providing a core around which the window member material is grown and thereafter removing the core to produce the passage or passages.

A group-III nitride substrate includes: a first region having a first impurity concentration in a polished surface; and a second region having a second impurity concentration lower than the first impurity concentration in the polished surface, wherein a first dislocation density of the first region is lower than a second dislocation density of the second region.

A group-III nitride substrate includes: a first region having a first impurity concentration in a polished surface; and a second region having a second impurity concentration lower than the first impurity concentration in the polished surface, wherein a first dislocation density of the first region is lower than a second dislocation density of the second region.

An 8-inch SiC single crystal substrate of an embodiment has a diameter in a range of 195 mm to 205 mm, a thickness in a range of 300 m to 650 m, a SORI of 50 m or less, and an in-plane variation of the thickness of the substrate, which is the difference between the maximum and minimum substrate thickness at the center of the substrate and four points on the circumference of a circle having a radius half the radius of the substrate, is 1.5 m or less.

An 8-inch SiC single crystal substrate of an embodiment has a diameter in a range of 195 mm to 205 mm, a thickness in a range of 300 m to 650 m, a SORI of 50 m or less, and an in-plane variation of the thickness of the substrate, which is the difference between the maximum and minimum substrate thickness at the center of the substrate and four points on the circumference of a circle having a radius half the radius of the substrate, is 1.5 m or less.

A method of a growing an embedded single crystal diamond structure, comprising: disposing a single crystal diamond on a non-diamond substrate, wherein the non-diamond substrate is larger than the single crystal diamond; masking a top portion of the single crystal diamond using a masking material; and using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth chamber, growing polycrystalline diamond material surrounding the single crystal diamond in order to join the single crystal diamond to the polycrystalline diamond material.

A method of a growing an embedded single crystal diamond structure, comprising: disposing a single crystal diamond on a non-diamond substrate, wherein the non-diamond substrate is larger than the single crystal diamond; masking a top portion of the single crystal diamond using a masking material; and using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth chamber, growing polycrystalline diamond material surrounding the single crystal diamond in order to join the single crystal diamond to the polycrystalline diamond material.

A method of manufacturing a substrate includes forming a support structure by providing a polycrystalline ceramic core, encapsulating the polycrystalline ceramic core in a first adhesion shell, encapsulating the first adhesion shell in a conductive shell, encapsulating the conductive shell in a second adhesion shell, and encapsulating the second adhesion shell in a barrier shell. The method also includes joining a bonding layer to the support structure, joining a substantially single crystalline silicon layer to the bonding layer, forming an epitaxial silicon layer by epitaxial growth on the substantially single crystalline silicon layer, and forming one or more epitaxial layers by epitaxial growth on the epitaxial silicon layer.