Catalysts for NH.sub.3 cracking and/or synthesis generally include barium calcium aluminum oxide compounds decorated with ruthenium, cobalt, or both. These catalysts can be bonded to a metal structure, which improves thermal conductivity and gas conductance.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel-rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. In an embodiment, the system and method use air-breathing piston engines and turbine engines for the fuel-rich partial oxidation of the flare gas to form synthesis gas, and reactors to convert the synthesis gas into the end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.

Systems and methods are provided for using a reverse-flew reactor (or another reactor with flows in opposing directions at different parts of a process cycle) as part of a reaction system for production of ammonia and/or urea. Using a reverse flow reactor as part of an ammonia production process can provide a variety of advantages, including direct heating of the reaction environment, and simplified generation of multiple high-purity reagent streams for ammonia and/or urea synthesis.

A method for heating a feed of natural gas, used as feed for a steam reformer of an ammonia production system, wherein the system comprises a steam reformer, operably connected to a heat recovery unit comprising at least two heating coils maintained at a different temperature, wherein the feed of natural gas passes through the at least two heating coils, the method comprising: a) recovering heat in the heat recovery unit from the ammonia production system and b) exchanging at least part of the heat recovered in step a) with at least a portion of the feed of natural gas, thereby obtaining a heated feed of natural gas, wherein the feed of natural gas does not comprise steam.

Carbonaceous product may be generated using systems and methods provided herein. Carbon dioxide may be sequestered. The carbonaceous product may include carbon black.

Provided herein are systems and methods for generating hydrogen and ammonia. The hydrogen is generated in an anion exchange membrane-based electrochemical stack. The hydrogen generated in the stack may be used to generate ammonia or may be used for other applications requiring hydrogen. The feedstock for the anion exchange membrane-based electrochemical stack may be saline water, such as seawater. A desalination module or a chlor-alkali stack may be used to treat the saline water prior to electrolysis in the anion exchange membrane-based electrochemical stack.

Offshore systems and methods may be configured for oil production, offshore power generation, ammonia production, and carbon dioxide injection for EOR. For example, a method performed on an offshore facility may include: separating a produced hydrocarbon into a produced gas and a produced oil; combusting the produced gas to produce power and a flue gas; at least partially removing nitrogen from the flue gas to produce a carbon dioxide-enriched flue gas and a nitrogen-enriched flue gas; reforming a portion of the produced gas to produce a stream including hydrogen and carbon dioxide; at least partially separating the carbon dioxide from the stream to yield a carbon dioxide stream and a hydrogen stream; reacting the hydrogen stream and the nitrogen-enriched flue gas to yield ammonia; combining and compressing the carbon dioxide stream and the carbon dioxide-enriched flue gas; and injecting the compressed gas from the gas compressor into the gas reservoir.

An apparatus for producing hydrogen in a steam methane reformer with reduced carbon emissions, the apparatus comprising: a first heat exchanger configured to heat a feed stream comprising methane to produce a heated feed stream that is at a temperature above 500° C.; a reaction zone in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger, wherein the reaction zone is configured to receive the heated feed stream under conditions effective for catalytically cracking the heated feed stream and catalytically crack the heated feed stream to produce a reformed stream, wherein the reformed stream comprises hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and unreacted methane; a shift conversion unit in fluid communication with the reaction zone, wherein the shift conversion unit is configured to receive the reformed stream in the presence of steam and produce a shifted gas stream comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide; and a hydrogen purification unit configured to receive the shifted gas stream and purify the shifted gas stream to produce a hydrogen product stream and a tail gas; wherein the conditions effective for catalytically cracking the heated feed stream comprise providing heat to the reaction zone via combustion of a fuel and a hydrogen fuel stream in presence of an oxidizer, wherein the fuel comprises ammonia, wherein a flue gas is produced by the combustion of the fuel and the hydrogen fuel stream.

The present invention relates to a process of producing ammonia from nitrogen in the presence of water, an iron-containing substance and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) or a carbon dioxide precursor.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel-rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. In an embodiment, the system and method use air-breathing piston engines and turbine engines for the fuel-rich partial oxidation of the flare gas to form synthesis gas, and reactors to convert the synthesis gas into the end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.