There is disclosed a furnace (10), a fluid feed component, a fluid reforming system, and a method of reforming a fluid (20). The furnace (10) comprises a vessel (12) that defines a chamber (14) for holding a body of liquid (16). A fluid inlet (18) is provided for introducing a fluid (20) into the chamber (14) below a level (22) of the body of liquid (16) to cause the fluid (20) to interact with the liquid (16) and to migrate therethrough towards an outlet (24) for discharging a product (26) of the interaction from the chamber (14). A liquid circulation passage (28) is implemented, having a weir (30) which is operatively located near the level of the body of liquid (16), and a port (34) which is located remote from the weir (30) and in fluid (20) communication with the fluid inlet (18) so as to enable the liquid (16) to flow over the weir (30) through the liquid circulation passage (28) and through the port (34).

The present invention relates to a catalyst in which a catalytic metal is supported on a support including a single-crystalline hexagonal material, and a preparation method therefor, wherein the catalyst can be effectively used in ammonia dehydrogenation or ammonia synthesis.

A module for fueling a hydrogen cell is provided including a hydrogen production device, a hydrogen purification device and a hydrogen cell power generation system. The hydrogen production device comprises: a housing, a cavity being formed in the housing, and a first opening, a second opening and a third opening which all communicate with the cavity being formed in the housing; a plasma generating unit contained in the cavity and comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode being close to the first opening, and the second electrode being close to the second opening; a voltage supply unit, a power supply end of the voltage supply unit being electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode, and a potential difference exists between the first electrode and the second electrode to generate plasma; a feeding unit communicating with the first opening; and an exhaust unit.

Systems and methods for sequestering carbon, evolving hydrogen gas, producing iron oxide as magnetite, and producing magnesium carbonate as magnesite through sequential carbonation and serpentinization/hydration reactions involving processed olivine- and/or pyroxene-rich ores, as typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rock. Precious or scarce metals, such nickel, cobalt, chromium, rare earth elements, and others, may be concentrated in the remaining ore to facilitate their recovery from any gangue material.

Systems and methods for sequestering carbon, evolving hydrogen gas, producing iron oxide as magnetite, and producing magnesium carbonate as magnesite through sequential carbonation and serpentinization/hydration reactions involving processed olivine- and/or pyroxene-rich ores, as typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rock. Precious or scarce metals, such nickel, cobalt, chromium, rare earth elements, and others, may be concentrated in the remaining ore to facilitate their recovery from any gangue material.

Semiconductor particles are used as a photocatalyst for inducing a water-splitting reaction where water molecules decompose into oxygen molecules and hydrogen molecules by addition of a co-catalyst and light irradiation, the semiconductor particles including strontium titanate doped with scandium. A synthesis method of a semiconductor for the photocatalyst includes a synthesis step of synthesizing the semiconductor particles including strontium titanate doped with scandium by mixing strontium chloride (SrCl.sub.2), strontium titanate (SrTiO.sub.3), and scandium oxide (Sc.sub.2O.sub.3) and firing the mixture.

This disclosure relates to reactor systems and methods of decomposing ammonia. In some aspects, a catalyst reactor includes an elongated conduit extending along a longitudinal axis. The elongated conduit can include a wall defining an interior cavity, an inlet configured for receiving a first fluid, and an outlet to flow the first fluid out of the elongated conduit, the wall having an interior cross-section defined by a major axis, W, and a minor axis, H, the major axis and the minor axis defining an aspect ratio, α=W/H, wherein the aspect ratio is greater than 2.0; and a catalytic structure disposed within the interior cavity of the elongated conduit.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

An electrochemical apparatus includes: a reformer that produces a first hydrogen-containing gas by reforming a raw material; a combustor that heats the reformer; an electrochemical device that includes an anode and a cathode, the electrochemical device operating by using the first hydrogen-containing gas supplied to the anode; a first flow rate controller that controls a flow rate of the first hydrogen-containing gas supplied to the anode and a flow rate of a second hydrogen-containing gas supplied from a supply source, the second hydrogen-containing gas being different from the first hydrogen-containing gas; a second flow rate controller that controls a flow rate at which an anode-off gas exhausted from the anode is recycled to the anode and a flow rate at which the anode-off gas is supplied to the combustor; and a controller that controls the first flow rate controller and the second flow rate controller.

Phase-changing fuel compositions which can generate hydrogen are provided herein. The compositions can comprise a hydrogen carrier at least partially dissolved in a polar organic solvent. The hydrogen carrier includes ammonia borane and an alkylamine borane such as methylamine borane or methylenediamine bisborane. The hydrogen carrier act as the primary fuel source in the compositions and can be present in an amount of at least 60% by weight, based on the weight of the hydrogen generation composition. The hydrogen generation compositions are a liquid at temperatures of 5° C. or greater or 25° C. or greater. Methods for the production of hydrogen from the hydrogen generation compositions are further disclosed.