In general, the present invention is directed to processes for separating a vapor comprising a first component and a second component using high-pressure density-driven separation. The present invention further relates to various processes for the capture of carbon dioxide. In particular, various processes of the present invention relate to the separation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of combustion processes. The invention also applies to upgrading fuel gases containing carbon dioxide. The invention also applies to separation of hydrogen from fuel gas vapor solutions.

Process for the synthesis of ammonia from a make-up gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen, said process comprising: generation of a synthesis gas (8) containing hydrogen and nitrogen in a molar ratio lower than 3, inside a front-end section (2); a first cryogenic purification, designed to remove nitrogen and raise said molar ratio; conversion of the synthesis gas into ammonia (13) inside a high-pressure synthesis loop (6), with extraction from said loop of a purge stream (14) containing hydrogen and inert gases; wherein at least a portion of said purge stream (14) undergoes a further purification in order to recover at least part of the hydrogen contained therein, obtaining at least one stream (15, 15a, 16, 18) containing recovered hydrogen which is recycled to the process.

Provided are a method by which hydrogen can be continuously and efficiently produced through a dehydrogenation reaction of a formic acid solution even at a low concentration and/or low grade, and a system therefor. This method involves a reaction step for, while supplying formic acid, catalytically degrading the formic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen to thereby continuously produce hydrogen. This method is characterized by involving an extraction step for extracting formic acid from the formic acid solution serving as the starting material with the use of carbon dioxide obtained in the reaction step, and then supplying the formic acid to the reaction step.

A hydrogen feed stream comprising oxygen and one or more impurities selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water, is purified using a cryogenic temperature swing adsorption (CTSA) process with high overall recovery of hydrogen. The CTSA is regenerated using an inert gas to prevent an explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen from occurring.

In a process for the combined production of a) a hydrogen-enriched gas and a carbon monoxide-enriched gas and/or b) a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by cryogenic distillation and scrubbing, a still liquor is extracted from a scrubbing column and sent to a stripping column, a still liquor is extracted from the stripping column and sent to a separating column for carbon monoxide and methane and a cooling fluid is used at a pressure greater than that of the head of the separating column for cooling at least one fluid extracted at an intermediate level from the scrubbing column.

A system and method for producing hydrogen, including steam reforming elemental sulfur to generate hydrogen gas and sulfur dioxide, to give a mixture including hydrogen gas, sulfur dioxide, elemental sulfur gas, and water vapor, removing the elemental sulfur gas to give a process gas including the hydrogen gas, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor, and isolating the hydrogen gas or a hydrogen gas rich stream.

A method and a system to form hydrogen while removing sulfur from an acid gas stream are provided. An exemplary system includes a reaction furnace including a porous burner, an inlet for an oxygen stream into the porous burner, an inlet for the acid gas stream into the porous burner, and a plurality of inlets on the reaction furnace for injecting an inert coolant.

A hydrocarbon stream is combusted within a reactor to produce soot and syngas. Sub-stoichiometric combustion of the hydrocarbon stream within the reactor converts at least 10% of the carbon in the hydrocarbon stream into soot. The syngas is mixed with a steam stream to produce a hydrogenation feed stream. A shift reactor converts at least a portion of the carbon monoxide and steam to carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce a shifted gas stream. Water is separated from the shifted gas stream to produce a dehydrated gas stream. The dehydrated gas stream is separated to produce a hydrogen product stream and a recycle stream. The recycle stream is recycled to the reactor.

An integrated hydrogen gas generator with hydrogen water module comprises a water tank, an electrolytic module, an integrated flow channel device, a humidifying module, and a hydrogen water module. The electrolytic module is configured to electrolyze the water in the water tank to generate a gas comprising hydrogen. The water tank, the humidifying module, and the hydrogen water module are respectively coupled to the integrated passageway module so that the water and the gas comprising hydrogen flow in a special sequence between them. The humidifying module is configured to humidify the gas comprising hydrogen. The hydrogen water module is configured for accommodating liquid and receiving the gas comprising hydrogen into the liquid to form a liquid comprising hydrogen. The configuration of pipeline is replaced by the integrated passageway module in the integrated hydrogen gas generator of the present invention.

Low carbon hydrogen will play a crucial role in decarbonization of chemical complexes and manufacturing facilities. Depending on the application, different grades of low carbon hydrogen might be requiredfuel grade (90-99% H2 purity) or chemical grade (>99% H2 purity). The current invention describes a hydrogen production process based on autothermal reforming and CO2 capture to produce low carbon hydrogen with hydrogen rich offgas as part of the feedstock.