A hydrogen production apparatus includes a first separation device that separates hydrogen from a steel by-product gas and discharges a first mixed gas containing carbon monoxide and methane, a pre-reforming device that receives the first mixed gas and a first water vapor, converts hydrocarbon into methane, and discharges a second mixed gas containing the methane, a mixed reforming device that receives the second mixed gas and a second water vapor and discharges a third mixed gas containing the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide, and a second separation device that individually separates the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide from the third mixed gas.

A system for hydrogen production including a first separation system, a first purification unit, a second purification unit, an oxygen scavenger, a catalytic reactor, a second separation system, and a liquefier. A method for hydrogen production including separating oxygen-containing components from a feed also containing hydrogen sulfide and methane. The method further includes separating the hydrogen sulfide from the methane and feeding the hydrogen sulfide to a first purification unit. The method includes feeding the methane to a second purification unit. The method further includes feeding the purified hydrogen sulfide and methane to an oxygen scavenger unit to remove residual oxygen before reacting the two streams in a catalytic reactor. The method includes separating the gaseous hydrogen and liquid carbon disulfide exiting the catalytic reactor and then purifying and liquefying the gaseous hydrogen stream to produce a purified liquid hydrogen stream.

The present invention provides an integrated hydrogen production and charging system, including a hydrogen generator, a compressor, a heat exchanger, a pressure swing adsorption device, a vacuum pump, and a hydrogen charger. The hydrogen generator generates hydrogen by methanol reforming. The hydrogen generator makes the generated hydrogen pass through a palladium membrane purification device in the hydrogen generator for a first purification. The compressor compresses the hydrogen from the hydrogen generator. The heat exchanger, connected to the compressor, cools down the compressed hydrogen. The pressure swing adsorption device, connected to the heat exchanger, performs a second purification on the cooled down hydrogen by adsorption. The vacuum pump, connected to the pressure swing adsorption device, depressurizes the pressure swing adsorption device during desorption. The hydrogen charger charges the hydrogen from the pressure swing adsorption device into one or more metal alloy hydrogen storage tanks.

A heat exchanger comprises a plurality of cells formed by a stack of alternate planar flow-guide plates (1) and heat transfer plates (2), each heat transfer plate having at least three apertures (3, 4, 6) therethrough, each aperture defining a part of a respective one of at least three fluid flow paths in the heat exchanger. Each flow-guide plate has apertures therethrough corresponding to at least two of the flow paths and a larger aperture (5, 7, 8) therethrough configured to guide fluid in the remaining flow path across the face of the heat transfer plates between which the flow-guide plate is located, each successive flow-guide plate in the stack forming part of a different flow path from the preceding one in the stack.

An embodiment described herein provides a method of treating a gas stream, where the method includes: flowing the gas stream containing H.sub.2S and CO.sub.2 into a plasma reactor; igniting a plasma in the plasma reactor containing the gas stream; decomposing the H.sub.2S to generate H.sub.2 and elemental sulfur in the plasma generating a product gas stream; condensing the elemental sulfur from the product gas stream as a liquid; and separating the H.sub.2 from the product gas stream.

A method of treating an aqueous solution, where the method includes separating H.sub.2S from the aqueous solution, generating a gas stream including the H.sub.2S, flowing the gas stream into a plasma reactor, igniting a plasma in the plasma reactor including the gas stream, decomposing the H.sub.2S to generate H.sub.2 and elemental sulfur in the plasma generating a product gas stream including the H.sub.2, and condensing the elemental sulfur from the product gas stream as a liquid.

The power generation system comprises a fuel cell unit adapted to generate electric power using a hydrocarbon-containing gas. A water-gas shift reactor is adapted to receive flue gas from the fuel cell unit and convert carbon monoxide contained in the flue gas into carbon dioxide and hydrogen. A cryogenic carbon dioxide capture unit is adapted to receive flue gas from the water-gas shift reactor and remove carbon dioxide therefrom. A recycle line recycles carbon dioxide-depleted flue gas to the fuel cell unit.

A power-to-X system for the utilization of off-gases, includes an electrolyzer for generating hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2, a unit, connected to the electrolyzer, for processing the hydrogen H2, for removing any remaining water H2O and oxygen O2 from the generated stream of hydrogen H2, a compressor, connected to the unit for processing the hydrogen H2, for compressing the hydrogen H2, and a chemical reactor, connected to the compressor, for producing a synthesis gas consisting of hydrogen H2 and carbon dioxide CO2 that can be added. An oxy-fuel combustion system to which non-condensable off-gases from the chemical reactor and oxygen O2 from the electrolyzer can be supplied, and carbon dioxide CO2 generated during the combustion of the off-gases in the oxy-fuel combustion system can be returned to the stream of hydrogen H2 downstream of the electrolyzer via a return line.

A plant and a process for separating hydrogen from natural gas. The plant includes a hydrogen separation module, a heat exchanger, a decompressor, downstream of the heat exchanger and in fluid connection with the heat exchanger through a first outlet duct of the heat exchanger, and a flash separator, downstream of the decompressor and in fluid communication with the decompressor through an outlet duct of the decompressor. The flash separator separates a flow of natural gas with a hydrogen content higher than a predetermined threshold, entering the hydrogen separation module through an inlet duct of the heat exchanger, into a first flow of natural gas containing the excess hydrogen and a second flow of natural gas with a hydrogen content below the predetermined threshold. The flash separator includes an upper outlet and a lower outlet, from which an outlet or recirculation duct extends.

In a process in which ammonia is cracked to form a hydrogen gas product and an offgas comprising nitrogen gas, residual hydrogen gas and residual ammonia gas, residual ammonia is recovered from the offgas from the hydrogen recovery process by partial condensation and phase separation, and hydrogen is recovered from the resultant ammonia-lean offgas by partial condensation and phase separation. The recovered ammonia may be recycled the cracking process and the recovered hydrogen may be recycled to the hydrogen recovery process to improve hydrogen recovery from the cracked gas. Overall hydrogen recovery from the ammonia may thereby be increased to over 99%.