A method and apparatus for producing a biocide from a hypochlorite oxidant and an ammonium salt are provided. The method includes monitoring a control parameter to optimize the ratio between the hypochlorite oxidant and the ammonium salt. The control parameter may be oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, induction or oxygen saturation.

Methods for analyzing a fluid sample can include providing a sensor comprising a non-conductive housing and having a first face and an electrode array mounted in the first face. The method can include disposing the first face of the housing into a fluid sample to be analyzed, selecting a mode of operation, and initiating sensor operation. Modes of operation can include electrochemical operation and conductivity analysis, and can be selected via positioning a switch. The method can include receiving information from the sensor regarding at least one parameter of the fluid. Such parameters can include a concentration of a target constituent in the fluid sample, combined concentrations of different species within the fluid sample, and/or information indicative of the conductivity of the fluid sample.

The invention relates to polymeric systems for stabilizing, storing and delivering hypohalide salts. One system consists of material coated with two layers: one prepared from polyethylene glycol epoxide and melamine solution and second prepared from inorganic hypohalide salt solution. The material can be fabric, cotton, bamboo, cellulosic materials, blend of cellulosic and synthetic fibers. Antimicrobial materials comprising this system are also described. Another system consists of material containing pre-formed spaces coated with water-polyethylene glycol solution of hypohalide salt and encapsulated by film forming polymer. Hypohalide salts within both systems are in some cases storage stable for at least three months.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application is a formulation including only between about 1 ppm and about 500 ppm hypochlorous acid, a sufficient amount of alkyl polyglycoside such that the formulation has a pH between about 2 and about 12; and a remainder water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application is a formulation including only between about 1 ppm and about 500 ppm hypochlorous acid, a sufficient amount of alkyl polyglycoside such that the formulation has a pH between about 2 and about 12; and a remainder water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

A method for producing a haloamine solution with reduced amounts of halogen oxyanions including (a) the on-site generation of a halogen-containing oxidant, such as a solution and (b) reacting on-site the halogen-containing oxidant with a nitrogen source, to thereby produce the haloamine solution.