A method of and apparatus for desalinating sea water using geothermal energy. A low voltage (such as less than 0.9V) is applied to a hydrogen generating catalysts to generate hydrogen and oxygen, wherein geothermal heat is used as a heat source. The hydrogen and oxygen are used to drive a gas turbine to generate electricity. The oxygen and hydrogen are transported away and combusted to generate heat and pure water, as such salt are separated from the pure water.

A gas generator and a method of generating a gas are provided. A gas generator includes a cartridge having a solid reactant and a liquid reactant distributor provided therein, and a liquid reactant supply in fluid communication with the liquid reactant distributor. The liquid reactant supply is configured to provide a liquid reactant under pressure to the liquid reactant distributor. The liquid reactant distributor comprises a plurality of normally closed holes configured to open at a predetermined fluid pressure to disperse the liquid reactant for reaction with the solid reactant in the cartridge.

A method of and apparatus for efficient on-demand production of H.sub.2 and 0.sub.2 from water and heat using environmentally safe metals are disclosed. In one aspect, the apparatus for the hydrogen generation through water decomposition reaction includes a main reactor, an oxidizer reactor, and a computer controlling system. The main reactor contains a hydrogen generating substance, such as aluminium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the main reactor includes hydroxide shuttles, such as Cu ion and Ag ion. In another aspect, the system for hydrogen generation through water decomposition includes the steps of (1) REDOX reaction, (2) pre-generation reaction, (3) generation reaction, (4) regeneration reaction, (5) second hydrogen reaction, and (6) oxygen reaction.

A composition for generating oxygen, comprising at least one oxygen source includes at least one ionic liquid, and at least one metal salt, wherein the oxygen source comprises a peroxide compound, the ionic liquid is in the liquid state at least in a temperature range from 10 C. to +50 C., and the metal salt has an organic and/or an inorganic anion, and comprises one single metal or two or more different metals. The present invention also relates to methods for generating oxygen, and to the use of ionic liquids in oxygen generating compositions.

Provided herein are a symmetrical pincer metal and bimetallic complexes. The symmetrical pincer metal complex includes a structure according to Formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein M is a metal; each N and N is independently nitrogen or carbon; Z is selected from the group consisting of CH, C, and N; n is 0-3; each L is independently a neutral or charged ligand; and each R is independently an alkyl, Nx, CH.sub.2TMS. The symmetrical bimetallic complex includes a structure according to Formula II:

##STR00002##

wherein M is a metal; each N and N is independently nitrogen or carbon; Z is selected from the group consisting of CH, C, and N; n is 0-3; each L is independently a neutral or charged ligand; and wherein each R is independently an alkyl, Nx, CH.sub.2TMS. Also provided herein is a method of catalyzing a reaction including administering one or more of the compounds disclosed herein.

The present invention provides a solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide comprising a permanganate salt and a manganese (II) salt. The solid-phase catalyst stays a solid state in the form of nanoparticles at the time of hydrogen peroxide decomposition, and thus can be recovered for reuse and also has an excellent decomposition rate. In the method for producing a solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide according to the present invention, a solid-phase catalyst is produced from a solution containing a permanganate salt, a manganese (II) salt, and an organic acid, so that the produced solid-phase catalyst is precipitated as a solid component even after a catalytic reaction, and thus is reusable and environmentally friendly, and cost reduction can be achieved through the simplification of a catalyst production technique.

A method of and apparatus for optimizing a hydrogen producing system is provided. The method of optimizing the hydrogen producing system comprises producing hydrogen gas using a hydrogen producing formulation and removing a chemical substance that reduces the hydrogen gas producing efficiency. Further, the hydrogen producing system comprises a hydrogen producing catalyst, a hydrogen generating voltage applied to the hydrogen producing catalyst to generate hydrogen gas, and a catalyst regenerating device to regenerate the hydrogen producing catalyst to a chemical state capable of generating the hydrogen gas when a hydrogen generating voltage is applied.

The invention relates to a method for nitrogen removal from aqueous medium, comprising steps of (a) converting NH.sub.4.sup.+ in the aqueous medium to NO.sub.2.sup.? by partial aerobic nitrification, (b) partially reducing the obtained NO.sub.2.sup.? to N.sub.2O in anoxic conditions, and (c) decomposing N.sub.2O to N.sub.2 with energy recovery. A mixture of ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate is used in step (b) for reduction of NO.sub.2.sup.? to N.sub.2O.

A method of and apparatus for efficient on-demand production of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 from water and heat using environmentally safe metals are disclosed. In one aspect, the apparatus for hydrogen generation through water-decomposition reaction includes a main reactor, an oxidizer reactor, and a computer-control system. The computer system is configured to control each of the components of the hydrogen gas production system for stable hydrogen-gas production.

A carbonized material, a device for removing ozone, and a method for removing ozone are provided. The carbonized material has at least a carbonyl-containing group, alkylol group, and carbon having sp.sup.2 hybrid orbital. In particular, the at least one carbonyl-containing group has a carbon content from 10 atom % to 30 atom %, based on the total carbon atoms of the at least one carbonyl-containing group, the at least one alkylol group, and the at least one carbon having sp.sup.2 hybrid orbital.