The present disclosure relates to methods and reactors for generating of gas and specifically for generation of oxygen gas and hydrogen gas.

Devices are provided, which in embodiments, comprise a source configured to generate oxygen ions via a redox reaction; and an oxygen ion transport material through which oxygen ions generated from the source are transported. The oxygen ion transport material may have either: Formula I A.sup.x+B.sub.2.sup.y+C.sub.4.sup.z+O.sub.12 .sup.2? wherein x+2y+4z=24 and (x, y, z) is (4, 2, 4), (x, y, z) is (2, 1, 5), or (x, y, z) is (3, 2.5, 4); Formula II A.sub.4.sup.x+B.sub.5.sup.y+C.sub.4.sup.z+O.sub.22.sup.2? wherein 4x+5y+4z=44 and (x, y, z) is (2, 4, 4) or (x, y, z) is (3, 3.2, 4) or (x, y, z) is (2.5, 3.6, 4); or Formula III Bi.sub.2MO.sub.4X; wherein A, B, and C are independently selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, lanthanoids, P, Th, and combinations thereof, and wherein M is selected from rare earth elements and combinations thereof and X is selected from halogens and combinations thereof. Methods of using the devices are also provided, which in embodiments, which comprise transporting oxygen ions generated from the source through the oxygen ion transport material.

A method of producing carbon-oxygen structures by the Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide Gas at low pressure, from 14.7 to 100 psi, using laser irradiation in the mid-infrared spectrum, from 2.3 to 3.3 microns.

A method of and apparatus for efficient on-demand production of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 from water and heat using environmentally safe metals are disclosed. In one aspect, the apparatus for hydrogen generation through water-decomposition reaction includes a main reactor, an oxidizer reactor, and a computer-control system. The computer system is configured to control each of the components of the hydrogen gas production system for stable hydrogen-gas production.

A method of and apparatus for efficient on-demand production of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 from water and heat using environmentally safe metals are disclosed. In one aspect, the apparatus for the hydrogen generation through water decomposition reaction includes a main reactor, an oxidizer reactor, and a computer controlling system. The main reactor contains a hydrogen generating substance, such as aluminum hydroxide. In some embodiments, the main reactor includes hydroxide shuttles, such as Cu ion and Ag ion. In another aspect, the system for hydrogen generation through water decomposition includes the steps of (1) REDOX reaction, (2) pre-generation reaction, (3) generation reaction, (4) regeneration reaction, (5) second hydrogen reaction, and (6) oxygen reaction.

An ozone converter includes a toroidal shaped inlet housing and an outlet housing that is removably coupled to the inlet housing. The converter also includes a ring shaped ozone removable core disposed at least partially within the inlet housing.

A method of and apparatus for optimizing a hydrogen producing system is provided. The method of optimizing the hydrogen producing system comprises producing hydrogen gas using a hydrogen producing formulation and removing a chemical substance that reduces the hydrogen gas producing efficiency. Further, the hydrogen producing system comprises a hydrogen producing catalyst, a hydrogen generating voltage applied to the hydrogen producing catalyst to generate hydrogen gas, and a catalyst regenerating device to regenerate the hydrogen producing catalyst to a chemical state capable of generating the hydrogen gas when a hydrogen generating voltage is applied.

A N.sub.2O decomposition reactor and a method of its use to produce an effluent suitable for use in an ignition device or in the main fuel injection system in high speed aircraft. N.sub.2O decomposition is an exothermic reaction and produces a high temperature product containing high concentrations of O.sub.2. Combination of fuel with this effluent ignites quickly and is an effective ignition source for the aircraft combustor. Reactor performance is adjusted to meet the conditions required for a selected application by changing the relative concentrations of CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2O, modifying the reactor length, and varying the quantity of catalyst in the reactor. For use in a pilot ignition device, the desired effluent temperature is between 500? C. and 1200? C. in order to ignite and combust the fuel within the design residence time, between 0.5 and 10 ms. For application as a barbotage gas generator in a fuel injection system, the temperature of the effluent can range from 300? C. up to 800? C. and it is desirable that the effluent temperature remains within this range for periods of up to two minutes.

Apparatus and methods for facilitating an intramolecular reaction that occurs in single collisions of CO.sub.2 molecules (or their derivatives amenable to controllable acceleration, such as CO.sub.2.sup.+ ions) with a solid surface, such that molecular oxygen (or its relevant analogs, e.g., O.sub.2.sup.+ and O.sub.2.sup.? ions) is directly produced are provided. The reaction is driven by kinetic energy and is independent of surface composition and temperature. The methods and apparatus may be used to remove CO.sub.2 from Earth's atmosphere, while, in other embodiments, the methods and apparatus may be used to prevent the atmosphere's contamination with CO.sub.2 emissions. In yet other embodiments, the methods and apparatus may be used to obtain molecular oxygen in CO.sub.2-rich environments, such as to facilitate exploration of extraterrestrial bodies with CO.sub.2-rich atmospheres (e.g. Mars).

A system including a catalytic heat exchanger reactor configured to carry out exothermic decomposition of stable chemical species possessing positive heats of formation. In an embodiment, the reactor is configured to enhance decomposition reaction rates by contacting gas entering with a hot surface. The catalytic heat exchanger is configured to receive N.sub.2O and create N.sub.2 and O.sub.2. A torch is created by fuel together with the hot N.sub.2 and the O.sub.2. In an embodiment, the reactor is configured to, after an initial period of time, to allow a rapid transfer of products of the decomposition reaction into an engine. In an embodiment, the reactor is configured to enhance decomposition reaction rates by contacting gas entering with a hot surface, and the catalytic heat exchanger reactor is configured to promote the atomization and vaporization of liquid and gelled fuels with gas. Other embodiments are also disclosed.