Systems and methods for generating reactive oxygen species formulations useful in various oxidation applications. Exemplary formulations include singlet oxygen or superoxide and can also contain hydroxyl radicals or hydroperoxy radicals, among others. Formulations can contain other reactive species, including other radicals. Exemplary formulations containing peracids are activated to generate singlet oxygen. Exemplary formulations include those containing a mixture of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Exemplary formulations include those in which one or more components of the formulation are generated electrochemically. Formulations of the invention containing reactive oxygen species can be further activated to generate reactive oxygen species using activation chosen from a Fenton or Fenton-like catalyst, ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation or thermal activation. Exemplary applications of the formulations of the invention among others include: cleaning in place applications, water treatment, soil decontamination and flushing of well casings and water distribution pipes.

An organically surface-bonded metal or metal oxide material including an inorganic metal or metal oxide and an organic material. The organic material is coated on the surface of the inorganic metal or metal oxide. The inorganic metal or metal oxide and the organic material are linked through a strong chemical bond. The strong chemical bond includes a covalent bond between a metal in the inorganic metal or metal oxide and a nitrogen in the organic material.

A method for manufacturing particles including (a) bringing at least one starting material into a reactor, (b) subjecting the at least one starting material to a thermal treatment of a pulsating process gas stream in a treatment zone of the reactor, (c) forming particles, and (d) bringing the particles which are obtained in steps (b) and (c) out of the reactor. The at least one starting material is thermally treated in the treatment zone at a treatment temperature of 100 C. to 3000 C. and a retention time in the range of 0.1 s to 25 s, and a temperature regulation of the process gas stream is decoupled from the generation and maintenance of a pulsation of the process gas stream. Also provided is a reactor for manufacturing particles according to the method.

A method for manufacturing particles including (a) bringing at least one starting material into a reactor, (b) subjecting the at least one starting material to a thermal treatment of a pulsating process gas stream in a treatment zone of the reactor, (c) forming particles, and (d) bringing the particles which are obtained in steps (b) and (c) out of the reactor. The at least one starting material is thermally treated in the treatment zone at a treatment temperature of 100 C. to 3000 C. and a retention time in the range of 0.1 s to 25 s, and a temperature regulation of the process gas stream is decoupled from the generation and maintenance of a pulsation of the process gas stream. Also provided is a reactor for manufacturing particles according to the method.

An object is to provide a modified metal oxide particle material that maintains high dispersibility even when the amount of modifying material is small. The material includes (i) a metal oxide particle material having, on its surface, a functional group other than a phenyl group; and (ii) a modifying material composed of a silicon-containing compound having a phenyl group, adhered to the surface of the metal oxide particle material. The value C/H, calculated from the carbon content C (mass %) and the specific surface area H (m{circumflex over ()}2 per g), decreases by 0.001, 0.01, or 0.03 and <0.1 after washing with methyl ethyl ketone. The grind gauge is 20 m. The post-wash C/H is 0.07.