A method of managing sulfur in a sulfur-containing stream may include steps of providing a sulfur-containing stream; converting sulfur within the sulfur-containing stream to elemental sulfur; transporting the elemental sulfur to a location at or near a sulfur oxide injection location; converting the elemental sulfur to sulfur oxides; recovering electrical energy from said step of converting the elemental sulfur to sulfur oxides; injecting the sulfur oxides into the sulfur oxide injection location. The method may include steps of screening a plurality of injection locations and selecting, from the screened plurality of injection locations, a particular sulfur dioxide injection location with specific reservoir characteristics for the sulfur oxides.

The invention relates to a process for concentrating diluted sulfuric acid (10) which may comprise at least one nitroaromatic compound and/or nitric acid as impurities, comprising: (a) feeding the diluted sulfuric acid (10) into a first stage (1) in which low boilers are removed by evaporation and/or stripping to obtain a first concentrated sulfuric acid (12); (b) optionally feeding the first concentrated sulfuric acid (12) into a second evaporation stage (2) to obtain a second concentrated sulfuric acid (14); (c) feeding the second concentrated sulfuric (14) acid into a third evaporation stage (3) if step (b) is carried out, or feeding the first concentrated sulfuric acid (12) into the third evaporation stage (3) if step (b) is not carried out, to obtain concentrated sulfuric acid (16) as product, wherein an oxidizing agent (17) and/or a precursor of an oxidizing agent is fed into the third evaporation stage (3).

The invention provides a unique, efficient and cost-effective process for the recovery of acid from acid-rich solutions. The process of the invention utilizes a strong oxidizer, such as Caro's acid, to disintegrate or render insoluble organic or inorganic materials such as carbohydrates and complexes thereof contained in acid-rich solutions, to make efficient and simple the separation and recovery of the acid solution. The acid recovered thus obtained is free of organic matter, and containing nearly all of the acid originally contained in the acid-rich solution.

Disclosed are porous membranes including a porous support and a coating comprising a copolymer having monomeric units A and B, and optionally monomeric units C; wherein A is a halogenated vinyl monomer other than tetrafluoroethylene, a halogenated alkyl vinyl ether, or an alkene of the formula C.sub.nH.sub.2n, wherein n is 1-6; B is a perfluoro (alkyl vinyl)ether compound, a perfluoroalkyl vinyl compound, or a perfluoro alkoxyalkyl vinyl ether compound, each compound having one or more sulfonic acid groups or a salt thereof, one or more sulfonyl fluoride groups, one or more sulfonamide groups, or one or more sulfonate ester groups, and C is vinylidene fluoride. Also disclosed are methods of preparing such porous membranes and methods of treating fluids by the use of these membranes.

Disclosed are porous membranes including a porous support and a coating comprising a copolymer having monomeric units A and B, and optionally monomeric units C; wherein A is a halogenated vinyl monomer other than tetrafluoroethylene, a halogenated alkyl vinyl ether, or an alkene of the formula C.sub.nH.sub.2n, wherein n is 1-6; B is a perfluoro (alkyl vinyl)ether compound, a perfluoroalkyl vinyl compound, or a perfluoro alkoxyalkyl vinyl ether compound, each compound having one or more sulfonic acid groups or a salt thereof, one or more sulfonyl fluoride groups, one or more sulfonamide groups, or one or more sulfonate ester groups, and C is vinylidene fluoride. Also disclosed are methods of preparing such porous membranes and methods of treating fluids by the use of these membranes.

Provided is an unique, efficient and cost-effective process for the recovery of acid from acid-rich solutions. The process of the subject matter utilizes a strong oxidizer, such as Caro's acid, to disintegrate or render insoluble organic or inorganic materials such as carbohydrates and complexes thereof contained in acid-rich solutions, to make efficient and simple the separation and recovery of the acid solution. The acid recovered thus obtained is free of organic matter, and containing nearly all of the acid originally contained in the acid-rich solution.

A method for recovering and purifying a waste sulfuric acid solution includes steps of: adding a coupling agent (m) to the waste sulfuric acid solution, and mixing uniformly to obtain a mixture (a); adding a coupling agent (n) to the mixture (a), and mixing uniformly to obtain a mixture (b); and adding a synergistic agent to the mixture (b), thoroughly stirring and filtering to obtain a purified sulfuric acid solution. The method adds the coupling agent and the synergistic agent to the waste sulfuric acid, and a removal rate of the heavy metal ions in the waste sulfuric acid can reach 99%. The purified sulfuric acid solution can be recycled. The method is simple to operate, and can remove a wide variety of heavy metal ions such as copper, zinc, lead, mercury, nickel, iron, cadmium and manganese in the waste sulfuric acid.

A process has been disclosed for preparation of hydrobromic acid from bromine, sulfur dioxide and water, which involves in situ generation of bromine from bittern for the production of hydrobromic acid and separation thereof from co-products, viz., sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The invented process obviates the need for double distillation or precipitation step for removal of sulfate impurities. The concentration of the product obtained by the disclosed process is about 48% and it contains <15 ppm sulfate and chloride impurities.

A process has been disclosed for preparation of hydrobromic acid from bromine, sulfur dioxide and water, which involves in situ generation of bromine from bittern for the production of hydrobromic acid and separation thereof from co-products, viz., sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The invented process obviates the need for double distillation or precipitation step for removal of sulfate impurities. The concentration of the product obtained by the disclosed process is about 48% and it contains <15 ppm sulfate and chloride impurities.

Sulphuric acid plants, separators for separating entrainment for process gas, and gas treatment processes for generating sulphuric acid are provided. The sulphuric acid plant comprises a source of process gas, an entrainment eliminator, a gas rotator located downstream of the gas-liquid contactor, and a separator located downstream of the entrainment eliminator and upstream of the gas rotator. The separator comprises a plurality of passages. Each passage comprises a vane extending longitudinally along the passage, wherein each vane rotates a process gas flowing through the separator. The process comprises transferring process gas from an entrainment eliminator to a separator located downstream of the entrainment eliminator, rotating the process gas through the separator to separate entrainment, and transferring the separated process gas from the separator to rotating equipment located downstream of the separator.