An organic solar cell comprises a photoactive layer that comprises at least one donor polymer and two non-fullerene molecular acceptors. Further, an organic solar cell comprises a photoactive layer that comprises one donor polymer, one fullerene acceptor, and one non-fullerene molecular acceptor. The donor polymer may exhibit temperature dependent aggregation (TDA) properties in solution, wherein the absorption onset of the polymer solution exhibits a red shift of at least 80 nm when the solution is cooled from 100? C. to room temperature or the absorption onset of the polymer solution exhibits a red shift of at least 40 nm when the solution is cooled from 100? C. to 0? C.

Methods and systems are provided for forming carbon allotropes. An exemplary method includes forming a feedstock that includes at least about 10 mol % oxygen, at least about 10 mol % carbon, and at least about 20 mol % hydrogen. Carbon allotropes are formed from the feedstock in a reactor in a Bosch reaction at a temperature of at least about 500 C., and the carbon allotropes are separated from a reactor effluent stream.

Methods and systems include supplying pulsed microwave radiation through a waveguide, where the microwave radiation propagates in a direction along the waveguide. A pressure within the waveguide is at least 0.1 atmosphere. A supply gas is provided at a first location along a length of the waveguide, a majority of the supply gas flowing in the direction of the microwave radiation propagation. A plasma is generated in the supply gas, and a process gas is added into the waveguide at a second location downstream from the first location. A majority of the process gas flows in the direction of the microwave propagation at a rate greater than 5 slm. An average energy of the plasma is controlled to convert the process gas into separated components, by controlling at least one of a pulsing frequency of the pulsed microwave radiation, and a duty cycle of the pulsed microwave radiation.

A method for preparing a preblend of nanostructured carbon, such as nanotubes, fullerenes, or graphene, and a particulate solid, such as polymer beads, carbon black, graphitic particles or glassy carbon involving wet-mixing and followed by optional drying to remove the liquid medium. The preblend may be in the form of a core-shell powder material with the nanostructured carbon as the shell on the particulate solid core. The preblend may provide particularly improved dispersion of single-walled nanotubes in ethylene--olefin elastomer compositions, resulting in improved reinforcement from the nanotubes. The improved elastomer compositions may show simultaneous improvement in both modulus and in elongation at break. The elastomer compositions may be formed into useful rubber articles.

A method for preparing a preblend of nanostructured carbon, such as nanotubes, fullerenes, or graphene, and a particulate solid, such as polymer beads, carbon black, graphitic particles or glassy carbon involving wet-mixing and followed by optional drying to remove the liquid medium. The preblend may be in the form of a core-shell powder material with the nanostructured carbon as the shell on the particulate solid core. The preblend may provide particularly improved dispersion of single-walled nanotubes in ethylene--olefin elastomer compositions, resulting in improved reinforcement from the nanotubes. The improved elastomer compositions may show simultaneous improvement in both modulus and in elongation at break. The elastomer compositions may be formed into useful rubber articles.

A process of dissolving ##STR00001##
in a solvent to produce a first mixture. To the first mixture a reagent is added to produce a second mixture. A HNRR is then added to the second mixture to produce a third mixture. The third mixture is then refluxed to produce ##STR00002##

A process of dissolving ##STR00001##
in a solvent to produce a first mixture. To the first mixture a reagent is added to produce a second mixture. A HNRR is then added to the second mixture to produce a third mixture. The third mixture is then refluxed to produce ##STR00002##

In some implementations, a metal air battery includes a metal anode, a cathode, a body, a nano-fibrous membrane (NFM), and a hygroscopic interphase layer disposed between the cathode and the NFM. The cathode may be a carbon-based textured scaffold including a plurality of macroporous pathways to distribute oxygen and water vapor supplied by ambient air throughout the cathode and into interior portions of the body. The NFM may include dry salts to produce a liquid electrolyte when exposed to water vapor delivered by the macroporous pathways of the cathode. The hygroscopic interphase layer may include a plurality of microporous pathways configured to drain excess quantities of the water vapor from the cathode and hydrate the dry salts with the water vapor.

Composite material, where the matrix material and the additive are held together by covalently or non-covalently bound ligands. The linker unit between matrix and additive has the structure Ligand1-LinkerL-Ligand 2, wherein Ligand1 and Ligand2 are a bond or a chemical entity that is capable of binding covalently or non-covalently to a structural entity, such as a polymer matrix or the additive (ex. CNT, graphene, carbon nanofiber, etc), and LinkerL is a chemical bond or entity that links Ligand1 and Ligand2.

In some embodiments, a lipofullerene-saccharide compound and a method of inhibiting and/or ameliorating metastasis of neoplastic cells using said compound is disclosed herein. The lipofullerene-saccharide compound may be used in therapeutically effective doses to inhibit the metastasis of neoplasms in mammals. In some embodiments, the method may include administering to a subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation including a lipofullerene-saccharide compound. In some embodiments, the lipofullerene-saccharide compound may be formed by reacting (e.g., coupling) a lipid and a saccharide with a fullerene. In some embodiments, neoplastic cells may include pancreatic cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, lung cancer cells, breast cancer cells, colon cancer cells, and/or brain cancer cells. A significant anti-metastatic effect has been observed on a metastatic nude-mouse model of human pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cell lines constructed orthotopically as a result of therapeutic treatment with the lipofullerene-saccharide conjugate.