A nanoparticle or agglomerate which contains connected multi-walled spherical fullerenes coated in layers of graphite. In different embodiments, the nanoparticles and agglomerates have different combinations of: a high mass fraction compared to other carbon allotropes present, a low concentration of defects, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) specific surface area, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the nanoparticles and agglomerates at a high production rate without using catalysts.

In the photoelectric conversion device having a pair of electrodes and a light receiving layer sandwiched between the pair of electrodes and including at least a photoelectric conversion layer, at least a part of the light receiving layer includes a fullerene or a fullerene derivative deposited using a vapor deposition material of a plurality of particles or a compact formed of the particles consisting primarily of the fullerene or fullerene derivative with an average particle size expressed as D50% of 50 to 300 m.

Composite material units (CMU) of the structure (SE1-ML-LinkerL-Ligand2-SE2), are provided, wherein ML is a Mechanical Ligand, LinkerL is a chemical bond or entity that covalently links ML and Ligand2, Ligand2 is a chemical entity that is covalently linked to the structural entity SE2, or forms a mechanical bond with the structural entity SE2, and SE1 and SE2 are structural entities.

This invention proposes a multifunctional topical composition that integrates halogen-functionalized fullerenes (halo-fullerenes and halo-endofullerenes) and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to provide comprehensive skin protection and sanitizing, cosmetic enhancement and in some embodiments, treatment for various conditions. Leveraging the atomic scale and physical characteristics of halogenated fullerenes for deeper tissue penetration, the composition can provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV protective benefits to foster cellular integrity, proliferation, and differentiation as healthy tissue. The proposed formulation can penetrate the stratum corneum and diffuse into underlying skin layers due to atomic-scale NPs that can readily deliver active ingredients through the skin via the pores of sweat glands; the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum; and hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and pilosebaceous pores. This composition uses stable inorganic antibacterial agents with a robust safety profile. Furthermore, it can provide UV protection from harmful radiation. The formulation comprises active ingredients that are specific, safe, stable and effectiveand can be produced economically, making it suitable for a broad range of skin protection, sanitizing, enhancement and therapeutic products that promote skin health and wellbeing.

This invention proposes a multifunctional topical composition that integrates halogen-functionalized fullerenes (halo-fullerenes and halo-endofullerenes) and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to provide comprehensive skin protection and sanitizing, cosmetic enhancement and in some embodiments, treatment for various conditions. Leveraging the atomic scale and physical characteristics of halogenated fullerenes for deeper tissue penetration, the composition can provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV protective benefits to foster cellular integrity, proliferation, and differentiation as healthy tissue. The proposed formulation can penetrate the stratum corneum and diffuse into underlying skin layers due to atomic-scale NPs that can readily deliver active ingredients through the skin via the pores of sweat glands; the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum; and hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and pilosebaceous pores. This composition uses stable inorganic antibacterial agents with a robust safety profile. Furthermore, it can provide UV protection from harmful radiation. The formulation comprises active ingredients that are specific, safe, stable and effectiveand can be produced economically, making it suitable for a broad range of skin protection, sanitizing, enhancement and therapeutic products that promote skin health and wellbeing.

This invention proposes a multifunctional topical composition that integrates halogen-functionalized fullerenes (halo-fullerenes and halo-endofullerenes) and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to provide comprehensive skin protection and sanitizing, cosmetic enhancement and in some embodiments, treatment for various conditions. Leveraging the atomic scale and physical characteristics of halogenated fullerenes for deeper tissue penetration, the composition can provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV protective benefits to foster cellular integrity, proliferation, and differentiation as healthy tissue. The proposed formulation can penetrate the stratum corneum and diffuse into underlying skin layers due to atomic-scale NPs that can readily deliver active ingredients through the skin via the pores of sweat glands; the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum; and hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and pilosebaceous pores. This composition uses stable inorganic antibacterial agents with a robust safety profile. Furthermore, it can provide UV protection from harmful radiation. The formulation comprises active ingredients that are specific, safe, stable and effectiveand can be produced economically, making it suitable for a broad range of skin protection, sanitizing, enhancement and therapeutic products that promote skin health and wellbeing.

This invention proposes a multifunctional topical composition that integrates halogen-functionalized fullerenes (halo-fullerenes and halo-endofullerenes) and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to provide comprehensive skin protection and sanitizing, cosmetic enhancement and in some embodiments, treatment for various conditions. Leveraging the atomic scale and physical characteristics of halogenated fullerenes for deeper tissue penetration, the composition can provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV protective benefits to foster cellular integrity, proliferation, and differentiation as healthy tissue. The proposed formulation can penetrate the stratum corneum and diffuse into underlying skin layers due to atomic-scale NPs that can readily deliver active ingredients through the skin via the pores of sweat glands; the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum; and hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and pilosebaceous pores. This composition uses stable inorganic antibacterial agents with a robust safety profile. Furthermore, it can provide UV protection from harmful radiation. The formulation comprises active ingredients that are specific, safe, stable and effectiveand can be produced economically, making it suitable for a broad range of skin protection, sanitizing, enhancement and therapeutic products that promote skin health and wellbeing.

A method for preparing a preblend of nano-structured carbon, such as nanotubes, fullerenes, or graphene, and a particulate solid, such as polymer beads, carbon black, graphitic particles or glassy carbon involving wet-mixing and followed by optional drying to remove the liquid medium. The preblend may be in the form of a core-shell powder material with the nano-structured carbon as the shell on the particulate solid core. The preblend may provide particularly improved dispersion of single-wall nanotubes in ethylene--olefin elastomer compositions, resulting in improved reinforcement from the nanotubes. The improved elastomer compositions may show simultaneous improvement in both modulus and in elongation at break. The elastomer compositions may be formed into useful rubber articles.

A process of dissolving

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in a solvent to produce a first mixture. To the first mixture a reagent is added to produce a second mixture. A HNRR is then added to the second mixture to produce a third mixture. The third mixture is then refluxed to produce

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A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.