Carbon materials having carbon aggregates, where the aggregates include carbon nanoparticles and no seed particles, are disclosed. In various embodiments, the nanoparticles include graphene, optionally with multi-walled spherical fullerenes and/or another carbon allotrope. In various embodiments, the nanoparticles and aggregates have different combinations of: a Raman spectrum with a 2D-mode peak and a G-mode peak, and a 2D/G intensity ratio greater than 0.5, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer-Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area, a large particle size, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the carbon materials.

Carbon-based electrode materials including graphite particles bridged by hemispheres of fullerene, as well as methods of synthesizing the carbon-based electrode materials, are disclosed. These carbon-based electrode materials may allow for decreased irreversible capacity loss during cycling in lithium-ion battery systems.

Carbon-based electrode materials including graphite particles bridged by hemispheres of fullerene, as well as methods of synthesizing the carbon-based electrode materials, are disclosed. These carbon-based electrode materials may allow for decreased irreversible capacity loss during cycling in lithium-ion battery systems.

A fullerene-metal nanocomposite is described that comprises a metal nanoparticle bonded to a functionalized fullerene compound. A useful method of making a fullerene-metal nanocomposite is also described. The method consists essentially of the steps of mixing a solution of metal salt or metal ion with a functionalized fullerene compound, and purifying the fullerene-metal nanocomposite from the solution. Also described are antimicrobial surfaces, comprising a substrate surface and a coating on the substrate surface comprising a fullerene-metal nanocomposite that includes a metal nanoparticle bonded to a functionalized fullerene compound.

A nanoparticle or agglomerate which contains connected multi-walled spherical fullerenes coated in layers of graphite. In different embodiments, the nanoparticles and agglomerates have different combinations of: a high mass fraction compared to other carbon allotropes present, a low concentration of defects, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) specific surface area, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the nanoparticles and agglomerates at a high production rate without using catalysts.

A nanoparticle or agglomerate which contains connected multi-walled spherical fullerenes coated in layers of graphite. In different embodiments, the nanoparticles and agglomerates have different combinations of: a high mass fraction compared to other carbon allotropes present, a low concentration of defects, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) specific surface area, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the nanoparticles and agglomerates at a high production rate without using catalysts.

Quinolines, polyquinolines, polybenzoquinolines, molecular segments of fullerenes and graphene nanoribbons, and graphene nanoribbons and processes for producing such materials are provided. The processes utilize a form of an aza-Diels-Alder (Povarov) reaction to first form quinolines and/or polyquinolines. In some such embodiments polyquinolines thus produced are used to form graphene nanoribbon precursors, and molecular segments and graphene nanoribbons. In many such embodiments the graphene nanoribbone precursors are formed from polybenzoquinolines.

The invention pertains to a process for the production of crystalline carbon structure networks in a reactor 3 which contains a reaction zone 3b and a termination zone 3c, by injecting a thermodynamically stable micro-emulsion c, comprising metal catalyst nanoparticles, into the reaction zone 3b which is at a temperature of above 600° C., preferably above 700° C., more preferably above 900° C., even more preferably above 1000° C., more preferably above 1100° C., preferably up to 3000° C., more preferably up to 2500° C., most preferably up to 2000° C., to produce crystalline carbon structure networks e, transferring these networks e to the termination zone 3c, and quenching or stopping the formation of crystalline carbon structure networks in the termination zone by spraying in water d.

The invention pertains to a process for the production of crystalline carbon structure networks in a reactor 3 which contains a reaction zone 3b and a termination zone 3c, by injecting a thermodynamically stable micro-emulsion c, comprising metal catalyst nanoparticles, into the reaction zone 3b which is at a temperature of above 600° C., preferably above 700° C., more preferably above 900° C., even more preferably above 1000° C., more preferably above 1100° C., preferably up to 3000° C., more preferably up to 2500° C., most preferably up to 2000° C., to produce crystalline carbon structure networks e, transferring these networks e to the termination zone 3c, and quenching or stopping the formation of crystalline carbon structure networks in the termination zone by spraying in water d.

An application of a fullerene structure in the preparation of medications for treating Parkinson's disease. The fullerene structure comprises at least one of the following active ingredient groups: a fullerene, a metallofullerene, and a composition of the fullerene and the metallofullerene; an oil-soluble fullerene, an oil-soluble metallofullerene, and a composition of the oil-soluble fullerene and the oil-soluble metallofullerene; a water-soluble fullerene, a water-soluble metallofullerene, and a composition of the water-soluble fullerene and the water-soluble metal-lofullerene; the medicinal esters of the nine elements, or the medicinal salts of the nine elements.