Provided are printable gel or hydrogel compositions, methods of making printable gel or hydrogel compositions, uses of the printable gel or hydrogel compositions, objects formed from the printable gel or hydrogel compositions, and methods of using those objects. The printable gel or hydrogel compositions may be formed from a graphene component, a polymer component, and a carrier. The printable gel or hydrogel compositions may be used as inks in additive manufacturing techniques to 3D print a 3D object. The 3D object may be freeze-dried to form an aerogel. The aerogel may be used to remove contaminants from aqueous samples.

A method for modifying a carbon thermal ionization filament is disclosed. In particular, the method requires a step of reacting a fluorine-containing compound with the carbon thermal ionization filament to provide a fluorinated carbon thermal ionization filament. Such method can result in a fluorinated carbon thermal ionization filament that can be employed in a system, such as a thermal ionization mass spectrometer, for ionizing a sample.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing graphene oxide by cutting an end face of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material by electrochemical oxidation and the graphene oxide prepared by the method. The method comprises: connecting a piece of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material as an electrode and another piece of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material or inert material as another electrode to the two electrodes of a DC power supply respectively, wherein an end face of at least one piece of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material serves as the working face and is positioned in contact and parallel with the liquid surface of an electrolyte solution; then electrifying the two pieces for electrolysis, during which the working zone for the end face serving as the working face is between −5 mm below and 5 mm above the liquid surface of the electrolyte solution; and intermittently or continuously controlling the end face within the working zone, such that the graphite lamella on the end face of the at least one piece of the 3-dimensional carbon-based material as an electrode is expansion-exfoliated and cut into graphene oxide by electrochemical oxidation, to obtain a graphene oxide-containing electrolyte solution. The method has a higher expansion-based exfoliating and cutting ability by oxidation, and can produce high-quality graphene oxide having fewer layers and more uniform particle-size distribution with low energy consumption and no contamination.

A signal cable for transmitting the signal between a transmitter (5) and a receiver (6), wherein the first plug (1) is intended for connection to the signal transmitter (5), and the second plug (2) is intended for connection to the signal receiver (6), and is electrically connected by a connecting portion, wherein the connecting portion includes a graphene layer (4) disposed on a polymer layer, which graphene layer (4) provides an electrical connection between the first plug (1) and the second plug (2).

The present invention provides a novel carbon material comprising a three-dimensional graphene network constituting a plurality of cells interconnecting as a whole, where at least one of the cells has single-layer graphene wall. The carbon material is suitable for a lithium ion battery.

Provided are nanocrystalline graphene and a method of forming the nanocrystalline graphene through a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. The nanocrystalline graphene may have a ratio of carbon having an sp.sup.2 bonding structure to total carbon within the range of about 50% to 99%. In addition, the nanocrystalline graphene may include crystals having a size of about 0.5 nm to about 100 nm.

Provided are nanocrystalline graphene and a method of forming the nanocrystalline graphene through a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. The nanocrystalline graphene may have a ratio of carbon having an sp.sup.2 bonding structure to total carbon within the range of about 50% to 99%. In addition, the nanocrystalline graphene may include crystals having a size of about 0.5 nm to about 100 nm.

The present disclosure relates to a green method for producing and exploiting multiple nano-carbon polymorphs from coal commonly known as anthracite, meta-anthracite, and semi-graphite. The method disrupts the prevalent environmentally unfriendly practices of burning coal with poor profitability and sustainability because the method yields an unexpectedly rich mixture of high-performance nano-materials, comprising carbon nano-fibers, carbon nano-tubes, carbon nano-onions, nano-graphite-plates, and nano-graphene-disks, by simply mechanically-comminuting coal to nano-size, with minimal sorting efforts. The resulting total-yield of nano-carbon polymorphs is over 50% by weight from properly selected coal. Innovative means are added to the prevalent comminution and sorting practices to further reduce energy and chemical consumption. More importantly, the method also refines the comminution and sorting details for producing the best custom-made formulations. This holistic engineering approach eliminates unnecessary separation and sorting steps because a custom-made formulation typically requires blending the sorted components. Formulations with mixed nano-carbon polymorphs are engineered as new and high-valued-added composite ingredients to critically raise the performance of cement-based, polymer-based, and metal-based composites.

The present disclosure relates to a green method for producing and exploiting multiple nano-carbon polymorphs from coal commonly known as anthracite, meta-anthracite, and semi-graphite. The method disrupts the prevalent environmentally unfriendly practices of burning coal with poor profitability and sustainability because the method yields an unexpectedly rich mixture of high-performance nano-materials, comprising carbon nano-fibers, carbon nano-tubes, carbon nano-onions, nano-graphite-plates, and nano-graphene-disks, by simply mechanically-comminuting coal to nano-size, with minimal sorting efforts. The resulting total-yield of nano-carbon polymorphs is over 50% by weight from properly selected coal. Innovative means are added to the prevalent comminution and sorting practices to further reduce energy and chemical consumption. More importantly, the method also refines the comminution and sorting details for producing the best custom-made formulations. This holistic engineering approach eliminates unnecessary separation and sorting steps because a custom-made formulation typically requires blending the sorted components. Formulations with mixed nano-carbon polymorphs are engineered as new and high-valued-added composite ingredients to critically raise the performance of cement-based, polymer-based, and metal-based composites.

A graphene sheet including an intercalation compound and 2 to about 300 unit graphene layers, wherein each of the unit graphene layers includes a polycyclic aromatic molecule in which a plurality of carbon atoms in the polycyclic aromatic molecule are covalently bonded to each other; and wherein the intercalation compound is interposed between the unit graphene layers.