A process for producing ammonia make-up synthesis gas and a procedure for revamping a front-end of an ammonia plant for producing ammonia make-up synthesis gas are disclosed, wherein the make-up synthesis gas is produced by means of steam reforming of a hydrocarbon gaseous feedstock; said front-end includes a primary reformer, a secondary reformer, a shift conversion section, a CO2 removal section and optionally a methanation section; a shell-and-tube gas-heated reformer is installed after said secondary reformer, and a portion of the available feedstock is reformed in the tubes of said gas-heated reformer, and heat is provided to the shell side of said gas-heated reformer by at least a portion of product gas leaving the secondary reformer, possibly mixed with product gas leaving the tubes of said gas-heated reformer.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a pressure swing adsorption process of a hydrogen production system is provided. The hydrogen production system includes a desulfurization process for removing sulfur components from raw natural gas; a reforming reaction process for producing a reformed gas containing hydrogen generated by the reaction of natural gas through the desulfurization process and steam; and a pressure swing adsorption process of concentrating the hydrogen using a pressure swing adsorption from the reformed gas. In a desorption step of the pressure swing adsorption process, a cocurrent depressurization and a countercurrent depressurization are simultaneously performed.

A method for producing a fuel composition, including the following steps: providing special gas containing combustible substances; reforming a first part of the special gas by producing synthesis gas; producing dimethyl ether from the synthesis gas by producing a reaction mixture containing a dimethyl ether; separating methanol from the reaction mixture and producing a methanol-reduced dimethyl ether mixture; and bringing together a second part of the special gas with the methanol reduced dimethyl ether mixture in order to obtain the fuel composition.

A separation membrane sheet that causes a specific fluid component to selectively permeate therethrough, comprises: a first porous layer; and a resin composition layer formed on the first porous layer. The resin composition layer has a filtration residue fraction of greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 90%; and contains a resin having an ionic group or a salt thereof, and has an ion exchange capacity of greater than or equal to 1 millimole equivalent per 1 g of a dry resin in a filtration residue.

A direct carbonaceous material to power generation system integrates one or more solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) into a fluidized bed gasifier. The fuel cell anode is in direct contact with bed material so that the H.sub.2 and CO generated in the bed are oxidized to H.sub.2O and CO.sub.2 to create a push-pull or source-sink reaction environment. The SOFC is exothermic and supplies heat within a reaction chamber of the gasifier where the fluidized bed conducts an endothermic reaction. The products from the anode are the reactants for the reformer and vice versa. A lower bed in the reaction chamber may comprise engineered multi-function material which may incorporate one or more catalysts and reactant adsorbent sites to facilitate excellent heat and mass transfer and fluidization dynamics in fluidized beds. The catalyst is capable of cracking tars and reforming hydrocarbons.

An integrated process for converting light hydrocarbon gases into products. Pre-packaged equipment such as a gas turbine and process compressors may be used to efficiently integrate the process. The gas turbine may provide a portion of the oxygen required in the process as compressed air. An additional oxygen rich stream may be provided by a separate air separation process so that the combined air and oxygen rich streams have an oxygen content of 25% to 50%. The gas turbine may also provide thermal energy to pre-heat the oxygen rich stream and feed gas stream and power to run compressors, air separation, and auxiliaries in the process.

A process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from a biomass feedstock is provided. The process comprises: contacting the feedstock with one or more hydropyrolysis catalyst compositions and molecular hydrogen to produce a product stream comprising hydropyrolysis product that is at least partially deoxygenated; hydroconverting said hydropyrolysis product in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalyst compositions to produce a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, wherein one or both of the hydropyrolysis catalyst composition and the hydroconversion catalyst composition is produced in a process comprising incorporating one or more metals selected from those of groups 6, 9, and 10 of the periodic table, into a shaped support; and incorporating one or more coordinating organic compounds into said shaped support, thus forming a catalyst precursor; and then either (i) treating the catalyst precursor in the presence of hydrogen and sulfiding it or (ii) calcining the catalyst precursor.

The present disclosure relates to an improved process for producing olefins from syngas. Raw material is treated to produce syngas comprising H.sub.2, CO and CO.sub.2. The ratio of H.sub.2 and CO in the syngas is 1:1. The syngas is contacted with at least one first catalyst to produce an intermediate stream comprising dimethyl ether (DME), and unconverted CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 and CO. The unconverted H.sub.2 and CO is recycled to a first catalyst section and a portion of the separated CO.sub.2 is recycled for producing the syngas. The remaining intermediate stream is contacted with at least one second catalyst to produce a second stream comprising olefins, H.sub.2O, methane, ethane, and propane. H.sub.2O, methane, ethane, and propane are separated to obtain the olefins. The separated methane, ethane, and propane are further recycled for producing the syngas. The CAPEX and OPEX of the improved process are reduced.

Integrated liquid fuel catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformer and fuel cell systems can include a plurality or an array of spaced-apart CPOX reactor units, each reactor unit including an elongated tube having a gas-permeable wall with internal and external surfaces. The wall encloses an unobstructed gaseous flow passageway. At least a portion of the wall has CPOX catalyst disposed therein and/or comprising its structure. The catalyst-containing wall structure and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby define a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and hydrogen rich product reformate to diffuse therefrom. The liquid fuel CPOX reformer also can include a vaporizer, one or more igniters, and a source of liquid reformable fuel. The hydrogen-rich reformate can be converted to electricity within a fuel cell unit integrated with the CPOX reactor unit.

A process and apparatus for producing syngas from low grade coal and from a biomass wherein the process includes (i) gasification of a mixture of low grade coal and biomass, (ii) reforming the gasified mixture, and (iii) removing CO.sub.2 from the gasified and reformed syngas mixture.