A method and apparatus for reforming carbonaceous material into syngas containing hydrogen and CO gases is disclosed. In one embodiment, a hydrogen rich torch reactor is provided for defining a reaction zone proximate to torch flame. One input of the reactor receives input material to be processed. Further inputs may be provided, such as for example to introduce steam and/or gases such as methane, oxygen, hydrogen, or the like.

Clean, safe, and efficient methods, systems, and processes for utilizing thermolysis methods to processes to convert various waste sources into a Clean Fuel Gas, Char, and Biochar are provided. The process further converts the Clean Fuel Gas into both a purified hydrogen source for green ammonia production and natural gas. The methods process waste sources to effectively separate, neutralize and/or destroy halogens and other hazardous components to provide a Clean Fuel Gas, Char and/or Biochar, which can then further be processed to extract and purify hydrogen for green ammonia production from the Clean Fuel Gas and thereby provide natural gas. The Clean Fuel Gas is a natural and renewable natural gas as it is continually produced and further available for use to provide energy and new products.

A process for the production of hydrogen comprises: a first steam reforming step of a feedstock containing hydrocarbons to obtain a first synthesis gas; a first synthesis gas shift and cooling step on the first synthesis gas; a separation step for separating the first synthesis gas into a high concentration hydrogen stream and a tail gas stream; a second low pressure steam reforming step performed on the tail gas to obtain a second synthesis gas; a second synthesis gas shift and cooling step on the second synthesis gas; a CO2 removal step performed on the stream of hydrogen and carbon dioxide exiting the second synthesis gas shift and cooling step in order to separate a CO2 stream from a fuel grade hydrogen stream; a step of feeding at least a part of the fuel grade hydrogen stream to the first steam reforming step.

A method and apparatus for reforming carbonaceous material into syngas containing hydrogen and CO gases is disclosed. In one embodiment, a hydrogen rich torch reactor is provided for defining a reaction zone proximate to torch flame. One input of the reactor receives input material to be processed. Further inputs may be provided, such as for example to introduce steam and/or gases such as methane, oxygen, hydrogen, or the like.

A process for producing acetylene and syngas by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with oxygen, involving: separately preheating a hydrocarbon and a oxygen-comprising input stream; mixing in a mass flow ratio of the oxygen-comprising to hydrocarbon stream at an oxygen number no more than 0.31; feeding the streams via a burner block to a combustion chamber and therein partially oxidizing the hydrocarbon(s) to a cracking gas; quenching the cracking gas to 80 to 90° C. downstream by injecting an aqueous quench medium to obtain a process water stream-1 and a product gas stream-2; cooling the product gas stream-2 in a cooling column by direct heat exchange with cooling water to obtain a process water stream-2 as bottoms, a product gas stream-2 as uppers, and a sidestream; and depleting the sidestream of soot in an electrofilter to generate therein a process water stream-3 combined with water streams-1/2 to afford the process water stream-4.

A method of providing a fuel includes providing renewable hydrogen, selectively directing at least a portion of the renewable hydrogen to one or more hydroprocessing units in a fuel production facility, and hydrogenating crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon in the one or more hydroprocessing units using the renewable hydrogen. The renewable content of a product produced by the one or more hydroprocessing units can be determined by measuring a flow of the hydrogen feedstock, a flow of the crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon feedstock, a relative amount of hydrogen and carbon in the crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon feedstock, and/or a relative amount of hydrogen and carbon in the product. The selective direction of the renewable hydrogen can increase the volume of renewable content in liquid transportation fuels.

A method of producing one or more fuels having a renewable content from a fuel production process that includes one or more processing steps wherein hydrogen is reacted with crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon, where the hydrogen is produced by a plurality of hydrogen production units based on steam methane reforming. The method includes selecting one or more hydrogen production units from the plurality of hydrogen production units which have one or more hydrogen-producing characteristics, and allocating renewable methane such that a renewable fraction of feedstock for the selected hydrogen production units is greater than a renewable fraction of feedstock for other hydrogen production units. The selected hydrogen production units are selected to increase a yield of renewable content of one or more of the fuels produced by the fuel production process and/or reduce a carbon intensity of such fuels for a given quantity of renewable methane.

A system for production of a synthesis gas, including: a synthesis gas generation reactor arranged for producing a first synthesis gas from a hydrocarbon feed stream; a post converter including a catalyst active for catalyzing steam methane reforming, methanation and reverse water gas shift reactions; the post converter including a conduit for supplying a CO.sub.2 rich gas stream into a mixing zone of the post converter, where the CO.sub.2 rich gas stream in the conduit upstream the mixing zone is in heat exchange relationship with gas flowing over the catalyst downstream the mixing zone; a pipe combining the at least part of the first synthesis gas and the CO.sub.2 rich gas stream to a mixed gas, in a mixing zone being upstream the catalyst; wherein the post converter further includes an outlet for outletting a product synthesis gas from the post converter. Also, a corresponding process.

A gas purification device removes a part of ammonia contained in a first gas; recovers a first off-gas containing the removed ammonia, removes hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from a second gas produced by removing the part of ammonia, recovers a second off-gas containing the removed hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and combusts the first off-gas and the second off-gas. The gas purification device includes: a first combustion chamber in which combustion is performed in a reducing atmosphere; a second combustion chamber in which combustion is performed in a reducing atmosphere downstream of the first combustion chamber; and a third combustion chamber in which combustion is performed in an oxidizing atmosphere downstream of the second combustion chamber. The first off-gas flows into the first combustion chamber and the second off-gas flows into the third combustion chamber.

A fuel cell system for removing carbon dioxide from anode exhaust gas includes: a fuel cell having an anode configured to output an anode exhaust gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water; an anode gas oxidizer; and an absorption system configured to receive the anode exhaust gas, the absorption system including: an absorber column configured to absorb the carbon dioxide from the anode exhaust gas in a solvent and to output a resultant gas comprising hydrogen and a hydrocarbon that is at least partially recycled to the anode; and a stripper column configured to regenerate the solvent and to output a carbon dioxide-rich stream. The anode gas oxidizer is configured to receive and oxidize an anode gas oxidizer input stream and at least a portion of the carbon dioxide-rich stream. The anode gas oxidizer input stream comprises a portion of the anode exhaust gas.