A method for achieving a gas with a variable hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in a system including splitting a warm raw syngas stream into a first portion and a second portion, the second portioning having a portion flowrate. Sending the first portion of the warm raw syngas stream a carbon monoxide separator, thereby producing a first hydrogen enriched stream and a carbon monoxide rich stream. Sending the second portion of the warm raw syngas stream to a water/gas shift reactor, thereby producing a shifted syngas stream. Combining the first hydrogen enriched stream and the second hydrogen enriched stream and sending the combined stream to a hydrogen separator, thereby producing a product hydrogen stream having a hydrogen flowrate, and varying the hydrogen flowrate by increasing the portion flowrate.

A process is provided for forming a fuel or a fuel intermediate from two fermentations that includes feeding an aqueous solution comprising a fermentation product from a first bioreactor to a second bioreactor and/or a stage upstream of the second bioreactor, which also produces the fermentation product. The aqueous solution may be added at any stage of the second fermentation and/or processing steps upstream from the second bioreactor that would otherwise require the addition of water. Accordingly, the product yield is increased while fresh/treated water usage is decreased.

Organic sulfur compounds contained in refinery off gas streams having either high ort low concentrations of olefins are converted to hydrogen sulfides which can be then be removed using conventional amine treating systems. The process uses a catalytic reactor with or without a hydrotreater depending on the olefin concentration of the off gas stream. The catalytic reactor operates in a hydrogenation mode or an oxidation mode to convert a majority of organic sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfides.

A process and system that use the heat produced in the generation of Syngas to provide heat to an endothermic reaction zone are disclosed. A method for providing heat to an endothermic reaction may comprise producing Syngas in a reforming reactor. The method may further comprise recovering heat from the producing the Syngas to heat an endothermic reaction stream in a heat transfer zone. The method may further comprise allowing reactants in the endothermic reaction stream to react to form an endothermic reaction product stream. The method may further comprise withdrawing the endothermic reaction product stream from the heat transfer zone.

A molten carbonate fuel cell-powered system for capturing carbon dioxide produced by a steam methane reformer system. Tail gas from a pressure swing adsorption system is mixed with exhaust gas from the fuel cell anode, then pressurized and cooled to extract liquefied carbon dioxide. The residual low-CO.sub.2 gas is directed to an anode gas oxidizer, to the anode, to the reformer to be burned for fuel, and/or to the pressure swing adsorption system. Low-CO.sub.2 flue gas from the reformer can be vented to the atmosphere or directed to the anode gas oxidizer. Reduction in the amount of CO.sub.2 reaching the fuel cell allows the fuel cell to be sized according to the power demands of the system and eliminates the need to export additional power output.

A method for achieving a gas with a variable hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in a system including splitting a warm raw syngas stream into a first portion and a second portion, the second portioning having a portion flowrate. Sending the first portion of the warm raw syngas stream a carbon monoxide separator, thereby producing a first hydrogen enriched stream and a carbon monoxide rich stream. Sending the second portion of the warm raw syngas stream to a water/gas shift reactor, thereby producing a shifted syngas stream. Combining the first hydrogen enriched stream and the second hydrogen enriched stream and sending the combined stream to a hydrogen separator, thereby producing a product hydrogen stream having a hydrogen flowrate, and varying the hydrogen flowrate by increasing the portion flowrate.

Steam reforming system having a steam cracker and a steam reformer. The steam cracker includes a steam cracking unit to steam crack a feed stream to produce a stream comprising hydrogen, methane and C2+ hydrocarbons; a heat exchanger for cooling the steam cracking product stream; a separation unit for separating the cooled steam cracking product stream into a gas stream including hydrogen and methane and a liquid stream including methane and C2+ hydrocarbons, a demethanizer which is fed the liquid stream producing a third stream containing at least 95% methane and a fourth stream comprising C2+ hydrocarbons. The steam reformer includes a feed preheater which is fed the third stream and steam to provide a preheated stream and a steam reforming unit arranged for heating the preheated stream to at least 800° C. to steam reforming the heated stream and obtain a product stream containing hydrogen and CO.sub.2.

An ammonia production plant includes an ammonia synthesis facility; a synthesis gas generating facility which generates a synthesis gas for synthesizing ammonia from the carbon-based raw material; and a power generating facility which obtains power. The synthesis gas generating facility includes an exhaust heat recovery unit which recovers exhaust heat. The power generating facility includes a combustion device which burns oxygen and fuel and a gas turbine which is driven by using a combustion gas containing a CO.sub.2 gas obtained by the combustion device as power so as to generate power and is configured to supply the CO.sub.2 gas discharged from the gas turbine as a recycle gas to the combustion device. The power obtained by the power generating facility powers the ammonia synthesis facility. The exhaust heat recovered by the exhaust heat recovery unit is used to heat the recycle gas.

Apparatuses and methods are provided for generating elemental hydrogen and carbon from a hydrocarbon feed. In some examples, the apparatus can include a first tube and a second tube. The first tube can be configured to carry a hydrocarbon feed along a first flow path. The second tube can be configured to carry a fuel and an oxygen-containing gas along a second flow path, where the first flow path and second flow path are countercurrent. A porous wall can sperate the first tube from the second tube where the porous wall can be configured to allow heat and gas to pass from the second tube to the first tube.

An ammonia production plant and an ammonia production method having high energy saving and environmental friendliness are provided.

An ammonia production plant of the invention is an ammonia production plant for producing ammonia from a carbon-based raw material, including: an ammonia synthesis facility which synthesizes ammonia; a synthesis gas generating facility which generates a synthesis gas for synthesizing ammonia from the carbon-based raw material; and a power generating facility which obtains power, in which the synthesis gas generating facility includes an exhaust heat recovery unit which recovers exhaust heat generated when generating the synthesis gas, in which the power generating facility includes a combustion device which burns oxygen and fuel and a gas turbine which is driven by using a combustion gas containing a CO.sub.2 gas obtained by the combustion device as power so as to generate power and is configured to supply the CO.sub.2 gas discharged from the gas turbine as a recycle gas to the combustion device, in which the power obtained by the power generating facility is used as at least power of the ammonia synthesis facility, and in which the exhaust heat recovered by the exhaust heat recovery unit is used to heat the recycle gas.