A multiwalled carbon nanotube includes at least 2 carbon nanotube walls. The multiwalled carbon nanotube have an outer surface and at least a portion of an oxygen functional group is attached to the outer surface thereof. Up to 5 atomic percent of the multiwalled carbon nanotube surface is an oxygen functional group. The surface atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen is between 17:1 and 19:1. A photocatalysis process to produce hydrogen and at least one solid carbon nanostructure includes the steps of: applying light to saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of a metal particle supported metal oxide photocatalyst to produce at least hydrogen gas and at least one solid carbon nanostructure; separating the hydrogen from at least one solid carbon nanostructure; and collecting the separated hydrogen and the at least one solid carbon nanostructure.

A system for hydrogen production including a first separation system, a first purification unit, a second purification unit, an oxygen scavenger, a catalytic reactor, a second separation system, and a liquefier. A method for hydrogen production including separating oxygen-containing components from a feed also containing hydrogen sulfide and methane. The method further includes separating the hydrogen sulfide from the methane and feeding the hydrogen sulfide to a first purification unit. The method includes feeding the methane to a second purification unit. The method further includes feeding the purified hydrogen sulfide and methane to an oxygen scavenger unit to remove residual oxygen before reacting the two streams in a catalytic reactor. The method includes separating the gaseous hydrogen and liquid carbon disulfide exiting the catalytic reactor and then purifying and liquefying the gaseous hydrogen stream to produce a purified liquid hydrogen stream.

A method for dry reforming of methane (DRM) includes introducing and passing a hydrogen (H.sub.2)-containing feed gas stream through a reactor to contact the H.sub.2-containing feed gas stream with particles of a catalyst at a temperature of from 500 C. to 900 C. to form a reduced catalyst; introducing and passing a mixed feed gas stream comprising methane (CH.sub.4) and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) through the reactor to contact the mixed feed gas stream with the reduced catalyst at a temperature of from 500 C. to 1000 C. thereby converting at least a portion of the CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 to H.sub.2/CO and regenerating the catalyst particles to form a regenerated catalyst and producing a residue gas stream leaving the reactor. The catalyst may be a fibrous silica lanthanum oxide (FSL) catalyst, and/or a nickel-containing FSL (Ni/FSL) catalyst.

A method of hydrogen generation may include contacting sodium borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) and water in the presence of a catalyst including a nanocomposite comprising graphitic C.sub.3N.sub.4, MO.sub.3, and MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 in a mass relationship to each other in a range of from 5 to 15:2 to 7:75 to 95, at a temperature in a range of from 10 to 80 C., thereby catalyzing the hydrogen generation at a hydrogen generation rate in a range of from 2750 to 6000 mL/(min.Math.g).