A catalytic method for producing gaseous products from a fuel and a gaseous reagent having the steps of: providing a catalyst and the fuel to a reactor vessel such that the catalyst and the fuel are in fluid communication with each other within the reactor vessel, where the catalyst is a mixture of reduced metal oxides; and contacting the fuel and catalyst with the gaseous reagent within the reactor vessel at a reaction temperature to produce gaseous products, where the gaseous reagent contains at least CO.sub.2 or H.sub.2O, where the fuel comprises a carbonaceous source, and wherein the gaseous products are CO or syngas.

A hydrogen generating device may include a water supply device for cartridges; a first hydrogen supply valve provided in a first hydrogen supply passage through which hydrogen gas is supplied from the first cartridge to a buffer tank; a second hydrogen supply valve provided in a second hydrogen supply passage through which hydrogen gas is supplied from the second cartridge to the buffer tank; and a main hydrogen supply passage for supplying hydrogen gas from the buffer tank to outside. For switching a hydrogen supply source from the first cartridge to the second cartridge, a controller may perform: a first process to stop supplying water to the first cartridge and supply water to the second cartridge with the second hydrogen supply valve closed, and a second process to open the second hydrogen supply valve to supply hydrogen gas from the second cartridge to the buffer tank.

Combining multiple subsystems involving biomass processing, biomass gasification of the processed biomass where a synthesis gas is produced then converted to hydrogen fuels or other transportation fuels for use in coupled transportation systems sized to consume all the transportation fuel produced. Carbon in the biomass is converted to CO.sub.2 in the conversion process and a portion of that CO.sub.2 is captured and sequestrated for long term storage.

The present invention relates to a process for NHI; reforming, the process comprising (i) feeding a feed stream comprising NH.sub.3 into a reactor unit, wherein the reactor unit has a reactor unit inlet and a reactor unit outlet, wherein the reactor unit comprises a catalytic material: (ii) contacting the feed stream with the catalytic material in the reactor unit, for obtaining a product stream comprising H.sub.2, N.sub.2, NH.sub.3, and optionally H.sub.2O, wherein contacting is performed at a pressure in the range of from 1 to 100 bar(abs) and at a temperature in the range of from 50 to 750 C.; (iii) optionally separating H.sub.2O in the product stream obtained in (ii) for obtaining a dehydrated product stream comprising H.sub.2, N.sub.2, and NH.sub.3; (iv) separating NH.sub.3 from the product stream obtained in (ii) or from the dehydrated product stream obtained in (iii) for obtaining a purified product stream comprising N.sub.2 and H.sub.2: (v) recycling the separated NH.sub.3 obtained in (iv) to (i).

A system may include a gas inlet configured to receive a gas stream comprising hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S), a first particle bed comprising a plurality of first particles, the first particles comprising a support material and a first metal material comprising at least one of: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), copper (Cu), and cerium (Ce); and the first particle bed in fluid communication with the gas inlet. A system may include a second particle bed comprising a plurality of second particles comprising a support material and a second metal material comprising at least one of: iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V), the second particle bed being in fluid communication with the first particle bed. A system may include a gas outlet in fluid communication with the second particle bed, the gas outlet being configured to provide an output stream comprising hydrogen (H.sub.2) gas.

The present invention relates, in general, to systems and methods for generating hydrogen from ammonia on-board vehicles, where the produced hydrogen is used as a co-fuel for an internal combustion engine along with ammonia vapor. The present invention provides a safety control arrangement for ensuring that only ammonia vapor is delivered to the engine's ammonia fuel injectors, resulting in consistent metering, mixing, and safe combustion, whereas liquid ammonia would otherwise introduce instability, mechanical stress, and dangerous expansion risks.

A plant, such as a hydrocarbon plant, is provided, which consists of a syngas stage for syngas generation and a synthesis stage where said syngas is synthesized to produce syngas derived product, such as hydrocarbon product. The plant makes effective use of various streams; in particular CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2. A method for producing a product stream, such as a hydrocarbon product stream is also provided.