The present invention relates to a shell-and-tube type reactor for reforming natural gas and a method for manufacturing syngas or hydrogen gas by using the same. According to the present invention, a shell-and-tube type reactor for reforming natural gas comprises a reaction catalyst for reforming natural gas, which is filled in a reactor shell; at least one tube for separating hydrogen; and a tube for an exothermic reaction or a tube type heat-exchanger for heating, which is disposed at the center of the reactor so as to have excellent operating efficiency and enable production of high-purity hydrogen and collection of carbon dioxide simultaneously along with a reaction.

Provided are processes for production of hydrogen to be used in various industrial processes, including in processes for production of ammonia and urea. Included are polygeneration processes that result in ultra-low emissions.

A method for producing ethylene and methanol comprising contacting fuel gas and oxidant gas to produce combustion product; contacting hydrocarbons and combustion product to produce pyrolysis product comprising unconverted hydrocarbons, acetylene, ethylene, CO, H.sub.2, H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2; separating pyrolysis product into CO.sub.2 stream and CO.sub.2 free product comprising unconverted hydrocarbons, acetylene, ethylene, CO, H.sub.2; contacting a first portion of CO.sub.2 free product with aprotic polar solvent to produce acetylene solution and first gas stream comprising unconverted hydrocarbons, ethylene, CO, H.sub.2; contacting acetylene solution with a second portion of CO.sub.2 free product to produce hydrogenation product comprising aprotic polar solvent, unconverted hydrocarbons, ethylene, CO, H.sub.2; separating hydrogenation product into aprotic polar solvent stream and second gas stream comprising unconverted hydrocarbons, ethylene, CO, H.sub.2; separating second gas stream into ethylene stream and third gas stream comprising unconverted hydrocarbons, CO, H.sub.2; and introducing first and/or third gas streams to a reactor to produce methanol.

A process and a device for the production of ammonia at different pressure levels may involve removing gases that are inert (inert gases) or harmful with regard to ammonia synthesis from the process in a process step before the ammonia synthesis so that enrichment of these is decreased or suppressed. For example, with respect to a gas mixture that includes hydrogen, nitrogen, water, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, at least part of the water, at least part of the methane, at least part of the carbon monoxide, and at least part of the carbon dioxide may be removed from the gas mixture before the synthesis of the ammonia occurs.

A process for the production of ammonia and urea in an ammonia-urea integrated plant comprising an ammonia section and a tied-in urea section, wherein a hydrocarbon is reformed to produce ammonia make-up synthesis gas; said make-up gas is purified by shift conversion and removal of carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide is removed from the make-up gas by a first and a second CO2 removal sections;the first section removes CO2 by absorption with a suitable medium, and the second section removes CO2 by washing with a carbamate solution taken from the urea section; the make-up gas is reacted to produce ammonia; the CO2 removed from the make-up gas and at least part of the ammonia are used to produce urea.

Process for the synthesis of ammonia from a make-up gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen, said process comprising: generation of a synthesis gas (8) containing hydrogen and nitrogen in a molar ratio lower than 3, inside a front-end section (2); a first cryogenic purification, designed to remove nitrogen and raise said molar ratio; conversion of the synthesis gas into ammonia (13) inside a high-pressure synthesis loop (6), with extraction from said loop of a purge stream (14) containing hydrogen and inert gases; wherein at least a portion of said purge stream (14) undergoes a further purification in order to recover at least part of the hydrogen contained therein, obtaining at least one stream (15, 15a, 16, 18) containing recovered hydrogen which is recycled to the process.

Methods of producing a hydrogen-enriched product and recovering CO.sub.2 are described. A synthesis gas stream from a hydrogen production process unit is separated in a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit into a high-pressure hydrogen stream and a hydrogen depleted tail gas stream, and the hydrogen depleted tail gas stream is compressed. The compressed tail gas stream is separated in a CO.sub.2 fractionation system into a CO.sub.2-enriched product stream and an overhead stream. The overhead stream is separated in an overhead hydrogen PSA system into a second high-pressure hydrogen stream and a low-pressure tail gas stream. The first and second high-pressure hydrogen streams and the CO.sub.2-enriched product stream are recovered. The low-pressure tail gas stream from the overhead hydrogen PSA system is combusted with oxygen to produce steam, electricity, or both.

A process for on-site hydrogen reforming is disclosed. The process includes providing a combined reformer heat exchanger component in which heated air, steam, and hydrocarbon fuel react to form process gas containing hydrogen, and the process gas is cooled via the heat exchanger. The combined components enable reductions in size, materials, costs, and heat loss. Additionally, as the heat exchanger side of the component operates at a cooler temperature, an uninsulated flange for access to the catalyst chamber can be used. A combined combustion heat exchanger component is also provided with similar advantages. Process gas is processed, and hydrogen gas is produced via a purification process.

An apparatus, a process and a system for treating petroleum coke are provided. The apparatus includes an activation unit that is an annular furnace reactor. The system includes a first reactor, the apparatus as a second reactor, a washing and separating unit, a cooling unit, a dissolving and separating unit, a washing and drying unit, optionally a regenerating unit, optionally a drying and calcining unit and optionally an evaporation-crystallization unit. The process for producing carbon materials uses the system for treating petroleum coke. The apparatus, the process and the system can achieve continuous production, and have advantages of high activation efficiency and stable properties of the resultant carbon material products.

A process for the manufacture of a useful product from carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics, the process comprising the steps of: continuously providing the carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics to a gasification zone; gasifying the carbonaceous feedstock in the gasification zone to obtain raw synthesis gas; sequentially removing ammoniacal, sulphurous and carbon dioxide impurities from the raw synthesis gas to form desulphurised gas and recovering carbon dioxide in substantially pure form; converting at least a portion of the desulphurised synthesis gas to a useful product. Despite having selected a more energy intensive sub-process i.e. physical absorption for removal of acid gas impurities, the overall power requirement of the facility is lower on account of lower steam requirements and thereby leading to a decrease in the carbon intensity score for the facility.