Disclosed are methods for accommodating changes in the conditions of partial oxidation of hydrocarbonaceous feedstock by changing characteristics of the hot oxygen used in the partial oxidation.

Disclosed is methodology for controlling the H2:CO ratio of the product produced in a partial oxidation reactor, by adjusting the properties of the product formed in the partial oxidation.

Disclosed is methodology for controlling the H2:CO ratio of the product produced in a partial oxidation reactor, by carrying out the partial oxidation under temperature conditions that produce less than maximum conversion.

A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, a fuel gas supply line, an oxidizing agent gas supply line, a fuel gas discharge line, and a reformer provided in the fuel gas supply line. A first circulating line circulates the fuel gas from the fuel gas discharge line to an upstream side of the reformer in the fuel gas supply line as a first circulating gas. The circulation device is provided in the fuel gas supply line, and suctions the first circulating gas by using the flow of the fuel gas flowing through the fuel gas supply line as a driving flow. A second circulating line circulates the fuel gas from a downstream side of the circulation device in the fuel gas supply line or the fuel gas discharge line to the upstream side of the circulation device in the fuel gas supply line as a second circulating gas.

The invention relates to a process for producing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a carbon-containing product in at least one reaction apparatus, wherein the at least one reaction apparatus comprises a bed of carbon-containing material and is characterized in that the bed of carbon-containing material in the at least one reaction apparatus is alternately heated to a temperature of >800° C. and, no later than upon reaching a temperature of 1800° C., cooled to a maximum of 800° C., wherein hydrogen and carbon monoxide are produced during the heating phase and carbon and hydrogen are produced during the cooling phase.

A plant and process for producing a hydrogen rich gas are provided, said process comprising the steps of: reforming a hydrocarbon feed in a reforming step thereby obtaining a synthesis gas comprising CH.sub.4, CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 and H.sub.2O; shifting said synthesis gas in a shift configuration including a high temperature shift step; removal of CO.sub.2 upstream hydrogen purification unit, such as a pressure swing adsorption unit (PSA), and recycling off-gas from hydrogen purification unit and mix it with natural gas upstream prereformer feed preheater, prereformer, reformer feed preheater or ATR or shift as feed for the process.

A chemical looping process for the production of hydrogen and the co-production of carbon dioxide comprising: a first redox loop that comprises: feeding of a first solid oxygen carrier to a first reaction zone (R1) in which a first carbonaceous fuel is also fed, which reacts with the first solid oxygen carrier fed at its maximum oxidising state (fully-oxidised form), leading to the formation of the combustion products carbon dioxide and water and the solid oxygen carrier at a lower oxidising state (reduced form); and feeding of the first solid oxygen carrier in reduced form to a second reaction zone (R2) into which air is also fed, obtaining, from the oxidation of the first solid oxygen carrier, heat and the solid oxygen carrier in fully-oxidised form to be recycled to the first reaction zone (R1); and a second redox loop that comprises: feeding of a second solid oxygen carrier to a third reaction zone (R3) in which a second carbonaceous fuel is also fed, which reacts with the second solid oxygen carrier fed at its an intermediate oxidising state (oxidised form), leading to the formation of the combustion products carbon dioxide and water and the solid oxygen carrier at a lower oxidising state (reduced form); and feeding of the second solid oxygen carrier in reduced form to a fourth reaction zone (R4) into which steam is also fed, which reacts with the reduced form of the solid oxygen carrier, producing hydrogen and the solid oxygen carrier at an intermediate oxidising state (oxidised form) to be recycled to the third reaction zone (R3) and/or the first reaction zone (R1), wherein the first reaction zone (R1) and the third reaction zone (R3) are interconnected allowing transfer of at least a portion of the first solid oxygen carrier from the first reaction zone (R1) to the third reaction zone (R3).

There is described a method of producing hydrogen and nitrogen using a feedstock gas reactor. Reaction of feedstock and combustion gases in the reactor produces hydrogen and nitrogen through pyrolysis of the feedstock gas. Parameters of the process may be adjusted to control the ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen that is produced such that it may be suitable, for example, for the synthesis of ammonia.

There is described a method of using a feedstock gas reactor. Reaction of feedstock and combustion gases in the reactor produces hydrogen through pyrolysis of the feedstock gas. At least some of a mixed product stream extracted from the reactor may be recycled to the reactor to drive further pyrolysis of the feedstock gas. A portion of the recycled mixed product stream may be recirculated back to a combustion chamber of the reactor, and a portion of the recycled mixed product stream may be recirculated back to a reaction chamber of the reactor.

A system having a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reactor to produce, from a CPO reactant mixture, a CPO reactor effluent characterized by a hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H2/CO) molar ratio and a M ratio defined as (H2−CO2)/(CO+C=2). The system includes a water-gas shift (WGS) reactor configured to produce a hydrogen enriched reactor effluent from at least a portion of the CPO reactor effluent, wherein the hydrogen enriched reactor effluent is characterized by a H2/CO molar ratio that is greater than the H2/CO molar ratio of the CPO reactor effluent. The system includes a CO2 separator operable to remove a portion of the CO2 from the hydrogen enriched reactor effluent to yield the syngas, wherein the syngas is characterized by a M ratio that is greater than the M ratio of the CPO reactor effluent and of the hydrogen enriched reactor effluent. Processes for producing the syngas and producing methanol therefrom are also provided.