A reforming system may include an engine combusting reformed gas to generate mechanical power, an intake line connected to the engine to supply reformed gas and air to the engine, an exhaust line connected to the engine to circulate exhaust gas exhausted from the engine, a reformer provided at an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) line diverging from the exhaust line and mixing the exhaust gas with fuel to reform the fuel mixed with the exhaust gas, a temperature sensor provided in the reformer and measuring temperature of the reformer, and a reforming controller determining whether the reformer operates or not based on driving condition of the engine and temperature of the reformer.

The system comprises a steam reforming unit to produce hydrogen from exhaust gas supplied, a hydrogen permeable membrane to allow only hydrogen produced by the steam reforming unit to pass through it, a hydrogen storage unit to absorb hydrogen supplied through the hydrogen permeable membrane and release absorbed hydrogen, a fuel cell to generate power using hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen storage unit, a gas clean-up unit to clean up residual gases delivered not passing through the hydrogen permeable membrane, and a control unit to control the hydrogen storage unit to absorb or release hydrogen depending on whether the fuel cell is supplied with sufficient hydrogen.

A modular device for generating hydrogen gas from a hydrogen liquid carrier may include a housing; an inlet for receiving the hydrogen liquid carrier; and at least one cartridge arranged within the housing. The cartridge may include at least one catalyst configured to cause a release of hydrogen gas when exposed to the hydrogen liquid carrier. The modular device may include a gas outlet for expelling the hydrogen gas released in the modular device and a liquid outlet for expelling spent hydrogen liquid carrier.

A multiple stage synthesis gas generation system is disclosed including a high radiant heat flux reactor, a gasifier reactor control system, and a Steam Methane Reformer (SMR) reactor. The SMR reactor is in parallel and cooperates with the high radiant heat flux reactor to produce a high quality syngas mixture for MeOH synthesis. The resultant products from the two reactors may be used for the MeOH synthesis. The SMR provides hydrogen rich syngas to be mixed with the potentially carbon monoxide rich syngas from the high radiant heat flux reactor. The combination of syngas component streams from the two reactors can provide the required hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio for methanol synthesis. The SMR reactor control system and a gasifier reactor control system interact to produce a high quality syngas mixture for the MeOH synthesis.

The fuel production system includes a CH.sub.4 recoverer, an electrolyzer, a liquid fuel producer, a steam reformer that performs steam reforming of the methane and produces hydrogen, and a controller. The controller includes: a heat amount determiner that determines whether or not an amount of heat required to increase a temperature in the gasification furnace to a temperature required to gasify the biomass feedstock is less than a predetermined threshold; a H.sub.2 production rate determiner that determines whether or not a production rate of hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold; and a steam reforming controller that controls the steam reformer to perform the steam reforming, and introduces the hydrogen produced, into the gasification furnace, in a case where the heat amount determiner determines that the required amount of heat for the gasification furnace is less than the predetermined threshold, and the H.sub.2 production rate determiner determines that the production rate of hydrogen is less than the predetermined threshold.

A hydrogen production system and a method for producing hydrogen that may minimize carbon dioxide emissions of an overall process by combining a steam-methane reformation process with a combined steam-carbon reformation process, and using a feed controller to appropriately control flow rates of steam and hydrocarbon gas feed input to the combined steam-carbon reformation process based on a composition and a flow rate of off-gas input from the steam-methane reformation process to the combined steam-carbon reformation process.

A method of operating a hydrogen production facility to meet carbon intensity (CI) requirements, the method comprising: receiving operational parameter data from the hydrogen production facility, the operational parameter data being representative of measured and/or determined time-dependent values of operational parameters of the hydrogen production facility; processing the operational parameter data to define one or more linear terms, wherein the linear terms are linear with respect to one or more CI reference models; generating, from the linear terms, control system CI values representative of the CI of hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production facility; generating control variables for controlling one or more operational parameters of the hydrogen production facility; and controlling the hydrogen production facility in accordance with the determined control variables.

A high-efficiency methanol reforming hydrogen production device includes a housing, a reactor, a heat exchanger, a liquid supply pipe and an exhaust pipe. The housing includes an outer housing and an inner housing arranged inside the outer housing. A vacuum interlayer is arranged between the inner housing and the outer housing. The reactor is arranged in the inner housing. The heat exchanger is arranged at the front end of the housing and is filled with a heat exchange medium. One end of the liquid supply pipe is connected to a liquid inlet of the reactor, and the other end of the liquid supply pipe passes through the heat exchanger and is then exposed. One end of the exhaust pipe is connected to a gas outlet of the reactor, and the other end of the exhaust pipe passes through the heat exchanger and is then exposed.

A method for operating a plant during an upset condition is provided. The plant includes a hydrogen plant having a syngas generator, a syngas separation unit having one or more of a pressure swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption, or membrane system, and a carbon dioxide removal system having one or more of a syngas separation unit tail gas dryer/compressor, a cryogenic cold box, a membrane separator, and a carbon dioxide compression unit. The method for operating the plant when the carbon dioxide removal system is off-line includes introducing a process feed stream and a burner fuel stream into the syngas generator, thereby producing a flue gas stream and a syngas stream; introducing the syngas stream into the syngas separation unit, thereby producing a hydrogen product stream and a syngas separation unit tail gas stream; and bypassing the off-line carbon dioxide removal system and combining at least a portion of the syngas separation unit tail gas with burner fuel stream.

A control method of a fuel cell system according to the present disclosure uses a fuel cell system including a raw material supply system configured to supply a raw material, a water vapor supply system configured to supply water vapor to the raw material supply system, a fuel cell configured to generate electric energy from hydrogen generated from the raw material and an oxidizing agent, and a recycle gas system configured to circulate a recycle gas, which is at least a part of an anode off-gas discharged from an anode of the fuel cell, to the raw material supply system. A flow rate of water vapor flowing through the water vapor supply system is controlled in accordance with a flow rate of carbon dioxide contained in the recycle gas flowing through the recycle gas system.