Graphene is a single layer carbon-based material known for high strength, high flexibility, high electrical conductivity, high surface area, hydrophobicity and barrier property. Introduction of surface functional groups on graphene enhances most of these properties. A facile and economical process to prepare amine and fluoride functionalized graphenes is disclosed. The disclosed processes utilize direct functionalization of pristine graphene without pre-functionalization (GO). Successful functionalization of both aminated and fluorinated graphenes were confirmed by the analyses of FT-IR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman, UV-Vis, and dispersion study. Amine functional groups can react with epoxy resin and urethane resin to form a covalent bond, and fluorinated graphene can give high hydrophobicity and durability, therefore both can be applied as a material or a component in polymer and composite coatings for corrosion protection, moisture or gas barriers.

Provided are methods of directly growing a carbon material. The method may include a first operation and a second operation. The first operation may include adsorbing carbons onto a substrate by supplying the carbons to the substrate. The second operation may include removing unreacted carbon residues from the substrate after suspending the supplying the carbons of the first operation. The two operations may be repeated until a desired graphene is formed on the substrate. The substrate may be maintained at a temperature less than 700 C. In another embodiment, the method may include forming a carbon layer on a substrate, removing carbons that are not directly adsorbed to the substrate on the carbon layer, and repeating the two operations until desired graphene is formed on the substrate. The forming of the carbon layer includes supplying individual carbons onto the substrate by preparing the individual carbons.

A method for producing graphene includes: a pretreatment process of drying and pulverizing a vegetable material to obtain a carbon source; a carbonization process of carbonizing the carbon source to obtain a carbide; and a purification process of removing an impurity containing silica from the carbide obtained in the carbonization process, wherein the carbonization process including a heating process of supplying an inert gas into a chamber and heating the carbon source in the chamber in a plasma atmosphere.

Described herein are improved methods of removing a sacrificial polymer used in transfer of graphene from a formation substrate to a target substrate, novel graphene materials, novel Bacillus megaterium strains, and related compositions and methods of manufacture and methods of degrading polyvinyl alcohol.

The present inventive concept provides a method of manufacturing graphene using electrochemistry, the method including dipping a cathode including metal and an anode including graphite into an electrolyte and applying a DC power supply between the cathode and the anode, wherein the DC power supply is a DC switching power supply applying a positive (+) voltage and a negative () voltage alternately and repetitively.

The method according to the present inventive concept can simply mass-produce high purity graphene by applying the DC switching power supply, thereby efficiently controlling the ions to peel the graphite.

A method of growing graphene at low temperature on a substrate. The method includes placing a substrate with a layer of cobalt deposited thereon in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber, providing a carbon precursor gas to the PECVD chamber, generating plasma at between about 350 C. and about 800 C. to decompose the carbon precursor gas to thereby deposit carbon atoms on the cobalt layer and enabling a plurality of the carbon atoms to diffuse through the cobalt layer thereby growing graphene on top of the cobalt layer and in between the substrate and the cobalt layer, removing carbon atoms from top of the cobalt layer, and removing the cobalt layer.

Methods include producing a plurality of carbon particles in a plasma reactor, functionalizing the plurality of carbon particles in-situ in the plasma reactor to promote adhesion to a binder, and combining the plurality of carbon particles with the binder to form a composite material. The plurality of carbon particles comprises 3D graphene, where the 3D graphene comprises a pore matrix and graphene nanoplatelet sub-particles in the form of at least one of: single layer graphene, few layer graphene, or many layer graphene. Methods also include producing a plurality of carbon particles in a plasma reactor; functionalizing, in the plasma reactor, the plurality of carbon particles to promote chemical bonding with a resin; and combining, within the plasma reactor, the functionalized plurality of carbon particles with the resin to form a composite material.

Graphenic carbon particles having controlled aspect ratios, surface areas, numbers of carbon atom layers, and Raman spectroscopy peak ratios are disclosed. The graphenic carbon particles may include three or more stacked carbon atom layers, and may have a Raman spectroscopy 2D/G peak ratio of at least 1:1. Adjacent carbon atom layers within each graphenic carbon particle may be slightly misaligned with respect to each other to form a turbostatic structure.

A process for exfoliating graphene, includes a step of irradiating a first substrate comprising graphene on its surface, with a helium or hydrogen plasma containing ions of energy comprised between 10 and 60 eV. A process for fabricating graphene on the surface of a second substrate, comprising the exfoliating process.

Methods include producing a plurality of carbon particles in a plasma reactor, functionalizing the plurality of carbon particles in-situ in the plasma reactor to promote adhesion to a binder, and combining the plurality of carbon particles with the binder to form a composite material. The plurality of carbon particles comprises 3D graphene, where the 3D graphene comprises a pore matrix and graphene nanoplatelet sub-particles in the form of at least one of: single layer graphene, few layer graphene, or many layer graphene. Methods also include producing a plurality of carbon particles in a plasma reactor; functionalizing, in the plasma reactor, the plurality of carbon particles to promote chemical bonding with a resin; and combining, within the plasma reactor, the functionalized plurality of carbon particles with the resin to form a composite material.