This disclosure provides a composition of matter nucleated from a homogenous nucleation to form a self-assembled binder-less mesoporous carbon-based particle. In some implementations, the composition includes: a plurality of electrically conductive 3D aggregates formed of graphene sheets and sintered together to define a 3D hierarchical open porous structure comprising mesoscale structuring with micron-scale fractal structuring and configured to provide an electrical conduction between contact points of the graphene sheets. A porous arrangement is formed in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure and is arranged to contain a liquid electrolyte configured to provide ion transport through a plurality of interconnected porous channels in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure. A respective porous channel of the plurality of porous channels includes: a first portion configured to provide tunable ion conduits; a second portion configured to facilitate rapid ion transport; and, a third portion configured to at least partially confine active material.

Processes for making lightweight armor, hardened casts, hardened parts, nonstructural reinforced hardened casts, structural shrapnel-resistant blocks, attachable hardened surfaces, and for hardening surfaces utilize rare earth material nanoparticles including metal anhydride nanoparticles that are refined under supercritical conditions.

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions directed to a promising class of nanomaterials called organic nanoparticles, or carbon nanodots. The present disclosure provides a facile method for the conversion of biomolecule-based carbon nanodots into high surface area three-dimensional graphene networks with excellent electrochemical properties.

A graphene nanosheet and a manufacturing method therefor and, more particularly, to a water-dispersible graphene nanosheet and a manufacturing method therefor. The water-dispersible graphene nanosheet of the present invention is characterized in that at least a part of the end portion of a basal plane is sulfated.

A nanocarbon material includes agglomerate nanostructures made of aggregates of: (i) graphene nanostructures having at least partially crumpled morphology, and (ii) clusters of at least one carbon material. The carbon material may have a graphitic structure. At least a portion of the graphitic structure may be at least partially hollow and have at least one winged protrusion. Optionally, the nanocarbon material may be part of a composition that includes a dispersion medium or a cementitious material. Methods of making such a composition are also disclosed.

A method for making a graphene nanoribbon composite structure includes providing a substrate including a plurality of protrusions spaced apart from each other. A graphene film is grown on a growth substrate, an adhesive layer is on a surface of the graphene film away from the growth substrate. After removing the growth substrate, the graphene film and the adhesive layer are cleaned with water or an organic solvent. The graphene film, the adhesive layer, and the substrate are combined and then are dried, so that a plurality of wrinkles are formed near the plurality of protrusions. The adhesive layer is removed, and after etching a surface of the graphene film away from the substrate, the graphene films except for the plurality of wrinkles are removed, to form a plurality of graphene nanoribbons.

The present disclosure provides a method of graphene exfoliation and/or stabilization. Both graphene and silica are mixed in an organic solvent to form a liquid precursor, which is then directed through an orifice formed by a metal cylinder and a flat metal plate. The metal cylinder is pressed against the flat metal plate by a high pressure. The high shear between the metal cylinder and the flat metal plate breaks down the thick layers of graphene to thin layers, which are stably dispersed in the gel formed by the silica.

Graphene based sensor technology is described. Certain aspects relate to graphene containing ink formulations suitable for fabricating sensor electrodes via inkjet printing methods and to sensor electrodes produced from such ink formulations. Certain further aspects relate to processes for fabricating functionalized graphene materials for use in such ink formulations. Further still, certain aspects relate to sensors comprising graphene sensor electrodes.

Several variations of synthetic carbon materials are disclosed. The materials can assume a variety of properties, including high electrical conductivity. The materials also can have favorable structural and mechanical properties. They can form gas impenetrable barriers, form insulating structures, and can have unique optical properties.

The present invention relates to an antiviral composition comprising graphene quantum dots as an active ingredient, and has been completed by identifying that the graphene quantum dots can exert an antiviral effect by inhibiting the ability of a virus to infect cells. Therefore, the antiviral composition according to the present invention is expected to not only be utilized in various forms, such as a film, a fiber, clothing, food, feed, and a disinfectant, for preventing or blocking viral infections, but also be used as an effective therapeutic factor for viral diseases.