The present development is a novel graphene foam with highly enriched incommensurately-stacked layers. The graphene foam is intended to be applied as active electrodes in rechargeable batteries. A 93% incommensurate graphene foam demonstrated a reversible specific capacity of 1540 mAh g.sup.−1 with a 75% coulombic efficiency, and an 86% incommensurate sample achieves above 99% coulombic efficiency exhibiting 930 mAh g-1 specific capacity.

The present invention provides a graphite/graphene composite material comprising flat graphite particles and graphene aggregates, wherein the flat graphite particles are stacked using the graphene aggregates as a binder so that the basal surfaces of the graphite particles are overlapped with one another, and the graphene aggregates are composed of deposited single-layer or multi-layer graphenes.

A method for preparing artificial graphite includes (A) preparing heavy oil, and forming coke from the heavy oil through continuous coking reaction such that the coke has a plurality of mesophase domains, wherein a size of the mesophase domains ranges between 1 and 30 μm by polarizing microscope analysis; and (B) processing the coke formed by step (A) sequentially by pre-burning carbonization treatment, grinding classification, high-temperature carbonization treatment and graphitization treatment to form polycrystalline artificial graphite from the coke. The method for preparing artificial graphite of the present invention and the polycrystalline artificial graphite prepared thereby are applicable to batteries.

Provided herein are graphene biosensors and related core particles, compositions methods and systems in which more than one pristine graphene sheet is coated with a coating layer of an organic or inorganic material to provide a core graphene particle, to which detectable components comprising a detectable moiety and a peptide linkage are attached through binding of the peptide linkage.

Graphenic carbon nanoparticles that are dispersed in solvents through the use of dispersant resins are disclosed. The graphenic carbon nanoparticles may be milled prior to dispersion. The dispersant resins may comprise a polymeric dispersant resin comprising an addition polymer comprising the residue of a vinyl heterocyclic amide, an addition polymer comprising a homopolymer, a block (co)polymer, a random (co)polymer, an alternating (co)polymer, a graft (co)polymer, a brush (co)polymer, a star (co)polymer, a telechelic (co)polymer, or a combination thereof. The solvents may be aqueous, non-aqueous, inorganic and/or organic solvents. The dispersions are highly stable and may contain relatively high loadings of the graphenic carbon nanoparticles.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing graphene quantum dots by intercalation of graphite nanoparticles and continuous exfoliation in an aqueous solution. The preparation method has a short process time and uses graphite nanoparticles of several nm as a reactant. Thus, graphene quantum dots prepared by the preparation method are uniform in size and shape with minimized defects and improved electrical properties.

A method of producing high conductivity carbon material from coal includes subjecting the coal to a dissolution process to produce a solubilized coal material, and subjecting the solubilized coal material to a pyrolysis process to produce the high conductivity carbon material.

A voltage tunable solar-blind UV detector using a EG/SiC heterojunction based Schottky emitter bipolar phototransistor with EG grown on p-SiC epi-layer using a chemically accelerated selective etching process of Si using TFS precursor.

Provided is a method of producing isolated graphene sheets directly from a carbon/graphite precursor. The method comprises: (a) providing a mass of halogenated aromatic molecules selected from halogenated petroleum heavy oil or pitch, coal tar pitch, polynuclear hydrocarbon, or a combination thereof; (b) heat treating this mass at a first temperature of 25 to 300° C. in the presence of a catalyst and optionally at a second temperature of 300-3,200° C. to form graphene domains dispersed in a disordered matrix of carbon or hydrocarbon molecules, and (c) separating and isolating the planes of hexagonal carbon atoms or fused aromatic rings to recover graphene sheets from the disordered matrix.

Provided are graphene nanosheets having a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight. Also provided are Graphene nanosheets having a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of about 0.01% to about 0.5%.