It is provided process of extracting ammonia gas from a source containing magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) particles such as wastewater comprising the steps of isolating MAP particles from the wastewater, heating the MAP particles to a temperature of 50-120 C. in an atmosphere with a relative humidity between 50-120%, decomposing the MAP and producing a solid comprising magnesium hydrogen phosphate and ammonia gas; and collecting the ammonia gas. The MAP particles are MgNH.sub.4PO.sub.4.6H.sub.2O or struvite.

Disclosed is a method for generating nitroxyl (HNO) in the gas phase, the method comprising contacting a solid base-catalyzed HNO donor with a gaseous base; or a solid acid-catalyzed HNO donor with a gaseous acid; to form HNO in the gas phase and methods of treating a disease or condition responsive to HNO therapy with the HNO formed in the gas phase.

A material is utilized with an electropositive metal. This can be used as post-oxyfuel process for oxyfuel power stations. Here, an energy circuit is realized by the material utilization. An electropositive metal, in particular lithium, serves as energy store and as central reaction product for the conversion of nitrogen and carbon dioxide into ammonia and methanol. The power station thus operates without CO.sub.2 emissions.

A process for capturing carbon dioxide includes the steps of mixing a hydrogen stream and a feedstock stream to produce a mixed stream, wherein the feedstock stream includes hydrocarbons, reacting the hydrocarbons and the hydrogen in the primary reactor of the hydroprocessing unit to produce a hydroprocessing product stream and a carbon dioxide stream, wherein the hydroprocessing product stream includes light products, wherein the hydroprocessing unit is further configured to produce ammonium bisulfide, collecting the ammonium bisulfide in the water to produce a sour water, processing the sour water in the waste water unit to produce an ammonia stream, a hydrogen sulfide stream, and a stripped water stream, introducing the ammonia stream to a carbon dioxide recovery system, and separating carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide stream using the ammonia in the ammonia stream to produce a carbon dioxide product.

A method of supplying ammonia to a gas chromatography-chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/CI-MS/MS) includes the steps of: providing ammonium carbonate and diethanolamine in a reaction vessel; heating the reaction vessel to a temperature of 50-60? C. to decompose the ammonium carbonate to form ammonia, carbon dioxide and water; absorbing the carbon dioxide and water by the diethanolamine to form diethanolamine carbonate; and supplying the ammonia to the GC/CI-MS/MS. Another method of supplying ammonia to a gas chromatography-chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/CI-MS/MS) includes the steps of: providing ammonium carbonate and a mixture of monoethanolamine and diethanolamine in a reaction vessel; reacting the ammonium carbonate with the monoethanolamine to form ammonia and monoethanolamine carbonate; and supplying the ammonia to the GC/CI-MS/MS.

An exemplary embodiment provides for a method of conducting a chemical reaction involving the powder catalyst, in particular ferromagnetic catalyst. The method is characterized in that while conducting a chemical reaction, particles of the catalyst comprising a ferromagnetic material are put into oscillation by the oscillating magnetic field with a frequency greater than 0.1 Hz and a magnetic field induction greater than 0.01 mT. Oscillating magnetic field here is a field the induction vector of which changes its direction in time. Putting catalyst particles into oscillation increases the efficiency of the chemical reaction by several dozen to several hundred percent.

The present invention relates to a catalyst for ammonia synthesis and ammonia decomposition. The catalyst includes a nitrogen-containing compound of a main group element and a related support and an additive. The present invention is a novel catalytic material, which exhibits good catalytic activity in ammonia synthesis and ammonia decomposition reactions.

An after-treatment system including an exhaust treatment component provided in an exhaust passage, a tank carrying an aqueous reagent, and an electrochemical cell in communication with the tank and configured to receive the aqueous reagent therefrom. The electrochemical cell is configured to convert the aqueous reagent into a first exhaust treatment fluid and a second exhaust treatment fluid. A controller is in communication with the electrochemical cell. The controller is configured to vary amounts and/or composition of each of the first exhaust treatment fluid and the second exhaust treatment fluid produced by the electrochemical cell. An injector is in communication with the electrochemical cell and the exhaust passage, and is configured to receive one of the first exhaust treatment fluid or the second exhaust treatment fluid from the electrochemical cell, and dose the one exhaust treatment fluid into the exhaust passage at a location upstream from the exhaust treatment component.

The present disclosure relates to processes for desulfurizing hydrocarbon feedstocks. The processes may include introducing a feedstock comprising hydrogen sulfide to an absorber comprising a metal chelate to form a reduced metal chelate. The processes may further include introducing the reduced metal chelate to a photobioreactor comprising a phototrophic bacterium. The present disclosure also relates to apparatuses for desulfurizing hydrocarbon feedstock. An apparatus may include and absorber and a photobioreactor fluidly connected to the absorber. The photobioreactor may be an anaerobic vessel with a light source.

A slope ?.sup.t1.sub.HC in a linear area of sensor output characteristics for a mixed atmosphere of CO and THC and a slope ?.sup.t1.sub.NH in the linear area of the sensor output characteristics for NH.sub.3 are specified in advance at a time when a time t1 has elapsed since a start of use of an engine. In performing calibration of an NH.sub.3 sensor when a time t2 (greater than the time t1) has elapsed, a slope ?.sup.t2.sub.HC in the linear area of the sensor output characteristics for the mixed atmosphere is specified, a value ?.sup.t2.sub.NH is calculated from an equation ?.sup.t2.sub.NH=?.sup.t2.sub.HC/(?.sup.t1.sub.HC/?.sup.t1.sub.NH), and the calculated value ?.sup.t2.sub.NH is determined as a new slope in the linear area of the sensor output characteristics for an NH.sub.3 gas.