A plant is provided which comprises a reforming section, a gas separation section and a hydrocarbon-containing feed. The reforming section includes a heat exchange reformer and an electrical steam methane reformer (e-SMR) arranged downstream of said heat exchange reformer. The gas separation section is arranged to receive a synthesis gas stream from the reforming section and separate it into at least a condensate and a product gas. The plant is controlled by feedback control on the e-SMR.

A method for catalytic synthesis of ammonia under normal pressures, including: performing a reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen to synthesize ammonia under normal pressures by taking a liquid alloy as a catalyst in a reactor, where the reactor contains a molten salt, the density of the molten salt is smaller than that of the liquid alloy, and the molten salt is used for providing a reaction interface and isolating the liquid alloy from being introduced impurities. The first metal can react with the nitrogen to produce the metal nitride, and the molten salt can provide a new reaction interface for the metal nitride to react with the hydrogen to synthesize the ammonia, so that the metal nitride can continuously generate the ammonia, and the synthesis of the ammonia can be effectively catalyzed. In addition, the molten salt can prevent the liquid alloy from contacting with the oxygen and the water vapor of the outside atmosphere, thereby preventing the liquid alloy from being oxidized and prolonging the service life of the liquid alloy.

The present disclosure is generally directed to a water processing system. In some embodiments, the water processing system may be configured to generate a potassium salt, such as potassium nitrate, an ammonium salt, such as ammonium nitrate, or both. In some embodiments, the water processing system may be at least partially powered by renewable energy, such as by using a liquid storage system that is at least partially underground. In some embodiments, the water processing system may be configured to reuse certain greenhouse emissions to improve performance of power generation systems associated with the water processing system.

A provided ammonia synthesis catalyst is a composite catalyst including: a catalyst exhibiting catalytic activity for synthesis of ammonia; and a support supporting the catalyst. The support includes a hydrogen storage material. The hydrogen storage material is, for example, a hydrogen storage metal. The hydrogen storage metal is, for example, a hydrogen storage alloy. The hydrogen storage alloy is, for example, a solid solution. The hydrogen storage alloy is, for example, a Ti—Mn-based alloy. The catalyst includes, for example, a transition metal. The transition metal is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Ru, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, V, and Ti.

Catalysts for NH.sub.3 cracking and/or synthesis generally include barium calcium aluminum oxide compounds decorated with ruthenium, cobalt, or both. These catalysts can be bonded to a metal structure, which improves thermal conductivity and gas conductance.

The present disclosure is related to the field of chemistry and provides methods and devices for stimulation of endothermic reactions in gas phase with high activation barriers by nanosecond pulsed electrical discharge. It can be used for, e.g., CO.sub.2 functionalization of methane, H.sub.2S dissociation, hydrogen and syngas production, for processing ammonia synthesis and dissociation, etc. Some embodiments include methods and devices associated with the stimulation of plasma chemical reactions with nanosecond pulse electric discharge in the presence of gas flow.

The disclosure pertains to a nitric acid production process and plant. The process involves supplying an oxygen gas stream and ammonia feedstock to the burner section. In embodiments, a part of the tail gas stream (4) is heated in a tail gas heating section (7) and supplied to the burner section (1).

An ammonia synthesis converter for small production units which provides full access for routine maintenance and catalyst replacement while providing adequate catalyst pressure drop to ensure kinetic performance and reduce heat leak from the catalyst beds. A shell has a removable top head and an annular basket is removably mounted in the shell. First and second catalyst beds are disposed in the annular zone of the basket for axial down-flow in series. A quench gas is introduced into effluent from the first catalyst bed and the resulting mixture into a top of the second catalyst bed. A feed-effluent interchanger in the inner basket zone is adapted to receive effluent from the second catalyst bed and indirectly heat a feed to the first catalyst bed. Also, methods of operating and servicing the converter.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel-rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. In an embodiment, the system and method use air-breathing piston engines and turbine engines for the fuel-rich partial oxidation of the flare gas to form synthesis gas, and reactors to convert the synthesis gas into the end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.

The present invention is to provide an electron or hydride ion intake/release material comprising a lanthanoid oxyhydride represented by the formula Ln(HO) (in the formula, Ln represents a lanthanoid element) or an electron or hydride ion intake/release composition comprising at least one kind of lanthanoid oxyhydride; a transition metal-supported material wherein a transition metal is supported by the above electron or hydride ion intake/release material or electron or hydride ion intake/release composition; and a catalyst comprising the transition metal-supported material. The electron or hydride ion intake/release material or electron or hydride ion intake/release composition according to the present invention has a higher ability for intake/release of electron or hydride ion than that of a conventional hydride-containing compound, and can be used effectively as a catalyst such as a catalyst having excellent ammonia synthesis activity by supporting a transition metal thereon.