A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4).sub.a.(H.sub.2SO.sub.4).sub.b.(H.sub.2O).sub.c.(NH.sub.4HSO.sub.4).sub.x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.

The present disclosure provides a process of clean production of electronic grade high-purity copper oxide. The process includes (1) preparing a carbon-ammonia system solution with a certain ratio of CO.sub.2, NH.sub.3 and H.sub.2O; (2) dissolving copper under a slightly negative pressure and at a system temperature less than or equal to 60 C.; the reaction ends until the concentration of copper in the carbon-ammonia system solution reaches 80 to 140 g/L; (3) adding sodium polyacrylate; the reaction solution is heated to 60-80 C. under a reduced pressure for deamination; (4) disposing basic copper carbonate to separate the solid from the liquid by a centrifuge to give an filter cake and copper-containing clear solution; (5) calcining the filter cake at 250-600 C. for 1-5 hours to give an electronic grade high purity copper oxide; ammonia collected in step (3), the copper-containing clear solution collected in step (4), and carbon dioxide and water vapor collected in step (5) are transferred to the solution-preparing device of step (1) and directly used as raw materials for preparing carbonate-ammonia system solution, wherein the copper-containing clear solution is used as water. The process of production of the disclosure has a shortened processing line and a low energy consumption; it is not only cost saving but also can achieve goals of energy saving, reduced emission and environment pollution.

A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbomate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbomate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4).sub.a.(H.sub.2SO.sub.4).sub.b.(H.sub.2O).sub.c.(NH.sub.4HSO.sub.4).sub.x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.

Provided is a method for recycling supercritical waste liquid and a method for producing a silica aerogel blanket capable of reducing the production costs and preventing the deterioration in thermal insulation performance of a silica aerogel blanket, the method including adding sulfuric acid to supercritical waste liquid to remove ammonium ions in the form of ammonium sulfate salt, the ammonium ions which are present in the supercritical waste liquid, and reusing supercritical waste liquid from which the ammonium ions are removed.

Provided is a method for recycling supercritical waste liquid and a method for producing a silica aerogel blanket capable of reducing the production costs and preventing the deterioration in thermal insulation performance of a silica aerogel blanket, the method including adding sulfuric acid to supercritical waste liquid to remove ammonium ions in the form of ammonium sulfate salt, the ammonium ions which are present in the supercritical waste liquid, and reusing supercritical waste liquid from which the ammonium ions are removed.

A process and a process plant for conversion of SO.sub.2 to H.sub.2SO.sub.4 including a. directing a process gas stream including at least 15 vol % SO.sub.2, and an amount of O.sub.2 originating from a source of purified O.sub.2 or O.sub.2 enriched air to contact a first material catalytically active in oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 under oxidation conditions involving a maximum steady state temperature of the catalytically active material above 700 C., to provide an oxidized process gas stream, wherein the material catalytically active in oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 includes an active phase in which the weight ration of vanadium to other metals is at least 2:1 supported on a porous carrier comprising at least 25 wt % crystalline silica, b. absorbing at least an amount of the produced SO.sub.3 in a stream of lean sulfuric acid to provide a stream of liquid sulfuric acid.

A process and a process plant for conversion of SO.sub.2 to H.sub.2SO.sub.4 including a. directing a process gas stream including at least 15 vol % SO.sub.2, and an amount of O.sub.2 originating from a source of purified O.sub.2 or O.sub.2 enriched air to contact a first material catalytically active in oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 under oxidation conditions involving a maximum steady state temperature of the catalytically active material above 700 C., to provide an oxidized process gas stream, wherein the material catalytically active in oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 includes an active phase in which the weight ration of vanadium to other metals is at least 2:1 supported on a porous carrier comprising at least 25 wt % crystalline silica, b. absorbing at least an amount of the produced SO.sub.3 in a stream of lean sulfuric acid to provide a stream of liquid sulfuric acid.

Disclosed herein are methods and systems to produce ammonia from nitrogen and water. In an embodiment, a method of producing ammonia involves contacting nitrogen, water, and at least one superparamagnetic catalyst to form a mixture, and exposing the mixture to a fluctuating magnetic field. In some embodiments, the superparamagnetic catalyst is BVO.sub.2FeO.sub.2.