The present application provides a positive electrode active material which may be in a particulate form and comprise a compound represented by Formula 1:
Na.sub.xA.sub.yM1[M2(CN).sub.6].sub..Math.zH.sub.2OFormula 1 wherein, A is selected from at least one of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element, and the ionic radius of A is greater than the ionic radius of sodium; M1 and M2 are each independently selected from at least one of a transition metal element, 0<y0.2, 0<x+y2, 0<1, and 0z10; and the particles of the positive electrode active material may have a gradient layer in which the content of the A element decreases from the particle surface to the particle interior.

Disclosed herein is a class of co-ordination framework materials having various useful properties. The co-ordination frameworks comprise complexes of M.sub.2[M.sup.1(CN).sub.6] or A.sub.x(M.sub.2[M.sup.1(CN).sub.6]), wherein M is selected from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd and Pt; M.sup.1 is selected from Fe and Ru; A (when present) is located in the pores of the framework and is selected from Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Be.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+; and x (when present) is 0<x8. Also disclosed are methods of making said materials and various uses of said materials.

Disclosed herein is a class of co-ordination framework materials having various useful properties. The co-ordination frameworks comprise complexes of M.sub.2[M.sup.1(CN).sub.6] or A.sub.x(M.sub.2[M.sup.1(CN).sub.6]), wherein M is selected from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd and Pt; M.sup.1 is selected from Fe and Ru; A (when present) is located in the pores of the framework and is selected from Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Be.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+; and x (when present) is 0<x8. Also disclosed are methods of making said materials and various uses of said materials.

An alkali-ion battery is provided with a transition metal cyanometallate (TMCM) sheet cathode and a non-alkaline metal anode. The fabrication method mixes TMCM powders, conductive additives, and a polytetrafluoroethylene binder with a solution containing water, forming a wet paste. The wet paste is formed into a free-standing sheet of cathode active material, which is laminated to a cathode current collector, forming a cathode electrode. The free-standing sheet of cathode active material has a thickness typically in the range of 100 microns to 2 millimeters. The cathode electrode is assembled with a non-alkaline metal anode electrode and an ion-permeable membrane interposed between the cathode electrode and anode electrode, forming an assembly. The assembly is dried at a temperature of greater than 100 degrees C. The dried assembly is then inserted into a container (case) and electrolyte is added. Thick anodes made from free-standing sheets of active material can be similarly formed.

An alkali-ion battery is provided with a transition metal cyanometallate (TMCM) sheet cathode and a non-alkaline metal anode. The fabrication method mixes TMCM powders, conductive additives, and a polytetrafluoroethylene binder with a solution containing water, forming a wet paste. The wet paste is formed into a free-standing sheet of cathode active material, which is laminated to a cathode current collector, forming a cathode electrode. The free-standing sheet of cathode active material has a thickness typically in the range of 100 microns to 2 millimeters. The cathode electrode is assembled with a non-alkaline metal anode electrode and an ion-permeable membrane interposed between the cathode electrode and anode electrode, forming an assembly. The assembly is dried at a temperature of greater than 100 degrees C. The dried assembly is then inserted into a container (case) and electrolyte is added. Thick anodes made from free-standing sheets of active material can be similarly formed.

A tungsten precursor useful for forming tungsten-containing material on a substrate, e.g., in the manufacture of microelectronic devices. The tungsten precursor is devoid of fluorine content, and may be utilized in a solid delivery process or other vapor deposition technique, to form films such as elemental tungsten for metallization of integrated circuits, or tungsten nitride films or other tungsten compound films that are useful as base layers for subsequent elemental tungsten metallization.

A tungsten precursor useful for forming tungsten-containing material on a substrate, e.g., in the manufacture of microelectronic devices. The tungsten precursor is devoid of fluorine content, and may be utilized in a solid delivery process or other vapor deposition technique, to form films such as elemental tungsten for metallization of integrated circuits, or tungsten nitride films or other tungsten compound films that are useful as base layers for subsequent elemental tungsten metallization.

The object of the invention is to provide an adsorbent that can adsorb ammonia with no large volume change between absorption and desorption, that has a high ammonia and/or ammonium ion adsorption capacity, and that can have an additional function by gaining proper control of composition, etc. The invention makes it possible to provide an adsorbent that absorbs ammonia and/or ammonium ions through the use of a metal cyanocomplex as an ammonia adsorbent, experiences no or little volume change, exhibits high enough capacity for adsorbing ammonia and/or ammonium ions, and has a function of decomposing ammonia as well as a function of varying optical responses before and after adsorption, etc.

A system and method are presented for the large scale synthesis of metal cyanometallates (MCMs). First and second precursor solutions are added to a main reactor, where the first precursor includes M1 metal cations. The second precursor solution includes A.sub.XM2(CN).sub.Z, where M1 and M2 are from a first group of metals and A is from a second group of metals including alkali or alkaline earth metals. In response to stirring the first and second precursors, MCM particles are formed with the formula A.sub.XM1.sub.NM2.sub.M(CN).sub.Z.d[H.sub.2O].sub.ZEO.e[H.sub.2O].sub.BND, in solution. In response to aging in the secondary reactor, the size of the MCM particles is increases. The aged MCM particles in solution are then transferred to a separation tank, where the aged MCM particles are filtered from the solution and collected. The solution reclaimed from the separation tank back is added back into the main reactor.

A system and method are presented for the large scale synthesis of metal cyanometallates (MCMs). First and second precursor solutions are added to a main reactor, where the first precursor includes M1 metal cations. The second precursor solution includes A.sub.XM2(CN).sub.Z, where M1 and M2 are from a first group of metals and A is from a second group of metals including alkali or alkaline earth metals. In response to stirring the first and second precursors, MCM particles are formed with the formula A.sub.XM1.sub.NM2.sub.M(CN).sub.Z.d[H.sub.2O].sub.ZEO.e[H.sub.2O].sub.BND, in solution. In response to aging in the secondary reactor, the size of the MCM particles is increases. The aged MCM particles in solution are then transferred to a separation tank, where the aged MCM particles are filtered from the solution and collected. The solution reclaimed from the separation tank back is added back into the main reactor.