A composition for use in surfactant polymer flooding processes in a carbonate reservoir, the composition comprising a surfactant, the surfactant operable to reduce interfacial tension, a polymer, the polymer operable to increase the viscosity of the composition, and a tailored water, the tailored water operable to alter a wettability of the in-situ rock, where the tailored water has a total dissolved solids of between 5,000 wt ppm and 7,000 wt ppm, where the total dissolved solids comprises a salt, where the composition has a viscosity between 3 cP and 100 cP.

A system and method for producing minerals from divalent ion-containing brine stream includes rejecting sulfate from a divalent-ion rich reject stream in a first nanofiltration seawater reverse osmosis (NF-SWRO) unit, producing solid calcium sulfate dihydrate and a magnesium-rich brine stream in a first concentration unit, concentrating the magnesium-rich brine stream to a saturation point of sodium chloride in a second concentration unit, producing solid sodium chloride and a supernatant product stream in a first crystallizing unit, produce a concentrated magnesium-rich bittern stream from the supernatant product stream in a third concentration unit, and at least one of producing hydrated magnesium chloride from the concentrated magnesium-rich bittern stream in a second crystallizing unit and producing anhydrous magnesium chloride by prilling the concentrated magnesium-rich bitterns stream under a hydrogen chloride atmosphere in a dry air process unit.

Provided are a method of preparing a metal oxide-silica composite aerogel which includes preparing a silicate solution by dissolving water glass at a concentration of 0.125 M to 3.0 M, after adding and mixing a metal salt solution having a metal ion concentration of 0.125 M to 3.0 M to the silicate solution, precipitating metal oxide-silica composite precipitates by adjusting a pH of a resulting mixture to be in a range of 3 to 9, and separating and drying the metal oxide-silica composite precipitates, wherein the metal salt solution includes a magnesium (Mg)-containing metal salt in an amount such that an amount of magnesium ions is greater than 50 mol % based on a total mole of metal ions in the metal salt solution, and a metal oxide-silica composite aerogel having low tap density and high specific surface area prepared by the method.

Processes are provided which pyrolytically extract hydrochloric acid from a magnesium ion-rich salt mixture. In this regard, a supply of the magnesium ion-rich salt mixture (e.g., bittern) may be directed to a pyrolytic chamber where it is contacted with heated gas (e.g., combustion flue gas) at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time to form a vapor product stream comprised of hydrochloric acid and an insoluble pyrolyzed mixed salt stream comprised of magnesium hydroxide and sodium sulfate decahydrate. The solid pyrolyzed mixed salt stream may be separated into separate product streams comprising the insoluble magnesium hydroxide and remaining soluble salt fractions, while the vapor product stream of hydrochloric acid from the pyrolytic chamber may be condensed form an aqueous HCl solution. The magnesium ion rich salt mixture may be dehydrated prior to pyrolysis to achieve magnesium ions in a tetrahydrate state or lower (e.g., a monohydrate to a trihydrate state).

Magnesium chloride solutions including providing aqueous magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 10-30 wt. % to concentration step where water is evaporated, resulting in concentrated magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 30-50 wt. %, wherein concentration step is carried out in one or more stages, wherein at least one of the stages is conducted at elevated pressure, withdrawing concentrated magnesium chloride solution from concentration step, and providing it to thermohydrolysis reactor of at least 300 C., withdrawing MgO from thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream of at least 300 C. from thermohydrolysis reactor, providing the HCl-containing gas stream of at least 300 C. to cooling step, where HCl-containing gas stream is contacted with cooling liquid, withdrawing HCl-containing gas stream below 150 C. from cooling step, circulating cooling liquid through heat exchanger where energy is transferred to heating liquid which circulates from heat exchanger to concentration step.

Magnesium chloride solutions including providing aqueous magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 10-30 wt. % to concentration step where water is evaporated, resulting in concentrated magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 30-50 wt. %, wherein concentration step is carried out in one or more stages, wherein at least one of the stages is conducted at elevated pressure, withdrawing concentrated magnesium chloride solution from concentration step, and providing it to thermohydrolysis reactor of at least 300 C., withdrawing MgO from thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream of at least 300 C. from thermohydrolysis reactor, providing the HCl-containing gas stream of at least 300 C. to cooling step, where HCl-containing gas stream is contacted with cooling liquid, withdrawing HCl-containing gas stream below 150 C. from cooling step, circulating cooling liquid through heat exchanger where energy is transferred to heating liquid which circulates from heat exchanger to concentration step.

The invention pertains to a method for providing a succinic acid solution, comprising the steps of providing a first magnesium succinate containing medium with a magnesium succinate concentration of 18-23 wt. % to a first acidification reactor where it is contacted with hydrogen chloride to form a solution of succinic acid, magnesium chloride and hydrogen chloride, providing a second magnesium succinate containing medium with a magnesium succinate concentration of 25-50 wt. %, and contacting it in a second acidification reactor with the solution of succinic acid, magnesium chloride and hydrogen chloride withdrawn from the first acidification reactor, to form an aqueous mixture comprising magnesium chloride and succinic acid with a succinic acid concentration of at least 18 wt. %. The method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a solution comprising succinic acid and magnesium 20 chloride with an increased succinic acid concentration.

The invention pertains to a method for providing a succinic acid solution, comprising the steps of providing a first magnesium succinate containing medium with a magnesium succinate concentration of 18-23 wt. % to a first acidification reactor where it is contacted with hydrogen chloride to form a solution of succinic acid, magnesium chloride and hydrogen chloride, providing a second magnesium succinate containing medium with a magnesium succinate concentration of 25-50 wt. %, and contacting it in a second acidification reactor with the solution of succinic acid, magnesium chloride and hydrogen chloride withdrawn from the first acidification reactor, to form an aqueous mixture comprising magnesium chloride and succinic acid with a succinic acid concentration of at least 18 wt. %. The method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a solution comprising succinic acid and magnesium 20 chloride with an increased succinic acid concentration.

A method of preparing cerium boride powder, according to the present invention, includes a first step for generating mixed powder by mixing at least one selected from among cerium chloride (CeCl.sub.3) powder and cerium oxide (CeO.sub.2) powder, at least one selected from among magnesium hydride (MgH.sub.2) powder and magnesium (Mg) powder, and boron oxide (B.sub.2O.sub.3) powder, a second step for generating composite powder including cerium boride (Ce.sub.xB.sub.y) and at least one selected from among magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium chloride (MgCl.sub.2), by causing reaction in the mixed powder at room temperature based on a ball milling process, and a third step for selectively depositing cerium boride powder by dispersing the composite powder in a solution.

Some embodiments include a molten salt system comprising a reactor with a salt mixture. In some embodiments, the salt mixture includes uranium and a eutectic salt. The eutectic salt may include one or more of sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, zirconium fluoride, lithium fluoride, beryllium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, aluminum chloride, zirconium chloride, lithium chloride, beryllium chloride, rubidium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride. The eutectic salt may have a melting point less than about 800 C.