Some embodiments include a method comprising: flowing a molten salt out of a molten salt reactor at a first temperature, heating the molten salt reactor to a second temperature above the melding point of the second salt mixture causing the second salt mixture to melt; flowing the second salt mixture out of the molten salt reactor; flowing a third salt mixture into the molten salt reactor; and cooling the molten salt reactor from the second temperature to a third temperature causing the third salt mixture to solidify on the interior surface of the housing. In some embodiments, the molten salt may include a first salt mixture comprising at least uranium. In some embodiments, the first temperature is a temperature above the melting point of the first salt mixture.

The present disclosure relates to a method of making core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles, and to electrodes comprising the same. The core-shell and yolk-shell nanoparticles and electrodes comprising them are suitable for use in electrochemical cells, such as fluoride shuttle batteries. The shell may protect the metal core from oxidation, including in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active structure includes a dimensionally changeable active material forming a particle that expands or contracts upon reaction with or release of fluoride ions. One or more particles are at least partially surrounded with a fluoride-conducting encapsulant and optionally one or more voids are formed between the active material and the encapsulant using sacrificial layers or selective etching. The fluoride-conducting encapsulant may comprise one or more metals. When the electrochemically active structures are used in secondary batteries, the presence of voids can accommodate dimensional changes of the active material.

Provided are a method for treating sulfur hexafluoride and an apparatus for collecting and treating by-products. The method for treating sulfur hexafluoride, and the apparatus for collecting and treating by-products according to the present invention are a significantly effective method and apparatus capable of safely treating sulfur hexafluoride at low cost.

Provided are a method for treating sulfur hexafluoride and an apparatus for collecting and treating by-products. The method for treating sulfur hexafluoride, and the apparatus for collecting and treating by-products according to the present invention are a significantly effective method and apparatus capable of safely treating sulfur hexafluoride at low cost.

A device including an LED light source optically coupled to a phosphor selected from [Y,Gd,Tb,La,Sm,Pr,Lu].sub.3[Al,Ga].sub.5−aO.sub.12−3/2a:Ce.sup.3+ (wherein 0<a<0.5), beta-SiAlON:Eu.sup.2+, [Sr,Ca,Ba][Al,Ga,In].sub.2S.sub.4:Eu.sup.2+, alpha-SiAlON doped with Eu.sup.2+ and/or Ce.sup.3+, Ca.sub.1−h−rCe.sub.hEu.sub.rAl.sub.1−h[Mg,Zn].sub.hSiN.sub.3, (where 0<h<0.2, 0<r<0.2), Sr(LiAl.sub.3N.sub.4):Eu.sup.2+, [Ca,Sr]S:Eu.sup.2+ or Ce.sup.3+, [Ba,Sr,Ca].sub.bSi.sub.gN.sub.m:Eu.sup.2+ (wherein 2b+4g=3m), quantum dot materials, and combinations thereof; and a green-emitting U.sup.6+-doped phosphor having a composition selected from the group consisting of U.sup.6+-doped phosphate-vanadate phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped halide phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped oxyhalide phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped silicate-germanate phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped alkali earth oxide phosphors, and combinations thereof, is presented.

A device including an LED light source optically coupled to a phosphor selected from [Y,Gd,Tb,La,Sm,Pr,Lu].sub.3[Al,Ga].sub.5−aO.sub.12−3/2a:Ce.sup.3+ (wherein 0<a<0.5), beta-SiAlON:Eu.sup.2+, [Sr,Ca,Ba][Al,Ga,In].sub.2S.sub.4:Eu.sup.2+, alpha-SiAlON doped with Eu.sup.2+ and/or Ce.sup.3+, Ca.sub.1−h−rCe.sub.hEu.sub.rAl.sub.1−h[Mg,Zn].sub.hSiN.sub.3, (where 0<h<0.2, 0<r<0.2), Sr(LiAl.sub.3N.sub.4):Eu.sup.2+, [Ca,Sr]S:Eu.sup.2+ or Ce.sup.3+, [Ba,Sr,Ca].sub.bSi.sub.gN.sub.m:Eu.sup.2+ (wherein 2b+4g=3m), quantum dot materials, and combinations thereof; and a green-emitting U.sup.6+-doped phosphor having a composition selected from the group consisting of U.sup.6+-doped phosphate-vanadate phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped halide phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped oxyhalide phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped silicate-germanate phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped alkali earth oxide phosphors, and combinations thereof, is presented.

A hydroximic acid-metal hydroxide coordination complex and preparation and application thereof are disclosed. The hydroximic acid-metal hydroxide coordination complex is formed by a coordination of hydroximic acid with divalent or higher valent metal ions under an alkaline condition. The hydroximic acid-metal hydroxide coordination complex has a strong selectivity and a strong collection ability for metal oxide minerals such as tungsten-containing minerals, ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite, and rare earth. The preparation method is simple and low in costs, and is beneficial to industrialized production.

A method of removing fluoride ion from waste liquid is provided, which includes providing a calcium source and a plurality of ceramic particles to a waste liquid containing fluoride ion for forming a plurality of calcium fluoride layers wrapping the ceramic particles. The calcium fluoride layers are connected to form a calcium fluoride bulk. The ceramic particles are embedded in the calcium fluoride bulk. The ceramic particles and the calcium fluoride bulk have a weight ratio of 1:4 to 1:20.

A method is provided for manufacturing a nanoparticle material having an ionic conductivity as a battery material for Fluoride ion Batteries, thus, being capable for overcoming high resistances at the surfaces, grain-boundaries of nanoparticles or compartments of the nanoparticles by a material treatment selected from: (i) a ball-mill procedure under aerosol and/or vapour-pressure atmosphere, (ii) excess-synthesis, (iii) ball-milling with surface stabilizing and conductivity enhancing solid or/and gel/liquid additives or (iv) functionalizing the material to obtain functionalized nanoparticles (GSNP) comprising a dispersion of graphene, nanotubes and/or a further additive selected from carbon-black, graphite, Si and/or CF.sub.X, Herein, fluorides (Em.sub.mF.sub.h), fluorides composites (Em1.sub.m1Em2.sub.m2 . . . F.sub.h1) are synthesized, wherein a first metal, metalloid or non-metal Em or Em1 and a second metal, metalloid or non-metal Em2 are dissimilarly selected from various elements in a manner that a battery material having an increased ionic conductivity is obtained.

A method is provided for manufacturing a nanoparticle material having an ionic conductivity as a battery material for Fluoride ion Batteries, thus, being capable for overcoming high resistances at the surfaces, grain-boundaries of nanoparticles or compartments of the nanoparticles by a material treatment selected from: (i) a ball-mill procedure under aerosol and/or vapour-pressure atmosphere, (ii) excess-synthesis, (iii) ball-milling with surface stabilizing and conductivity enhancing solid or/and gel/liquid additives or (iv) functionalizing the material to obtain functionalized nanoparticles (GSNP) comprising a dispersion of graphene, nanotubes and/or a further additive selected from carbon-black, graphite, Si and/or CF.sub.X, Herein, fluorides (Em.sub.mF.sub.h), fluorides composites (Em1.sub.m1Em2.sub.m2 . . . F.sub.h1) are synthesized, wherein a first metal, metalloid or non-metal Em or Em1 and a second metal, metalloid or non-metal Em2 are dissimilarly selected from various elements in a manner that a battery material having an increased ionic conductivity is obtained.