An object of the present disclosure is to provide an all solid fluoride ion battery that has a favorable capacity property. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing an all solid fluoride ion battery comprising: a cathode layer, an anode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the cathode layer and the anode layer; wherein the anode layer includes a metal fluoride containing an M1 element, an M2 element, and a F element; the M1 element is a metal element that fluorination and defluorination occur at a potential, versus Pb/PbF.sub.2, of −2.5 V or more; the M2 element is a metal element that neither fluorination nor defluorination occur at a potential, versus Pb/PbF.sub.2, of −2.5 V or more; and the M2 element is a metal element that, when in a form of a fluoride, fluoride ion conductivity is 1×10.sup.−4 S/cm or more at 200° C.

An object of the present disclosure is to provide an all solid fluoride ion battery that has a favorable capacity property. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing an all solid fluoride ion battery comprising: a cathode layer, an anode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the cathode layer and the anode layer; wherein the anode layer includes a metal fluoride containing an M1 element, an M2 element, and a F element; the M1 element is a metal element that fluorination and defluorination occur at a potential, versus Pb/PbF.sub.2, of −2.5 V or more; the M2 element is a metal element that neither fluorination nor defluorination occur at a potential, versus Pb/PbF.sub.2, of −2.5 V or more; and the M2 element is a metal element that, when in a form of a fluoride, fluoride ion conductivity is 1×10.sup.−4 S/cm or more at 200° C.

The present invention provides a monodispersed lanthanum based upconverting microrods comprising β-NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+, Er.sup.3+ and β-NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+, Tm.sup.3+, capped with oleic acid. The upconverting microrods, embedded in polymer matrices is used for making security tags and for sensing application. The process of preparation of the oleic acid capped upconverting microrods is also disclosed.

The present invention provides a monodispersed lanthanum based upconverting microrods comprising β-NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+, Er.sup.3+ and β-NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+, Tm.sup.3+, capped with oleic acid. The upconverting microrods, embedded in polymer matrices is used for making security tags and for sensing application. The process of preparation of the oleic acid capped upconverting microrods is also disclosed.

Inorganic halides (e.g., inorganic halide scintillators) of the general formula A.sub.3B.sub.2X.sub.9, including inorganic halides comprising thallium monovalent cations and/or combinations of different halides, are described. Radiation detectors including the inorganic halide scintillators and methods of using the detectors to detect high energy radiation are also described. In some cases, the scintillators can include a gadolinium cation, a boron cation, a lithium cation, a chloride ion, or combinations thereof and the scintillator can be used to detect neutrons.

Inorganic halides (e.g., inorganic halide scintillators) of the general formula A.sub.3B.sub.2X.sub.9, including inorganic halides comprising thallium monovalent cations and/or combinations of different halides, are described. Radiation detectors including the inorganic halide scintillators and methods of using the detectors to detect high energy radiation are also described. In some cases, the scintillators can include a gadolinium cation, a boron cation, a lithium cation, a chloride ion, or combinations thereof and the scintillator can be used to detect neutrons.

A solid-electrolyte material includes Li, Y, O, and X. X is at least two elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.

A solid electrolyte consists essentially of Li, M, and X. M includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Gd, Tb, and Sm. X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.

Disclosed is a novel composition of matter that provides highly efficient energy conversion from NIR to NIR wavelengths, with either up-, down-, or both up- and down-converting transitions. Disclosed is a composition having the molecular formula NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sub.xTm.sub.yNd.sub.z, where 0≤x≤0.98, 0≤y≤0.02, and 0≤z≤0.06. Also disclosed is a core-shell structure, wherein the core is a composition having the molecular formula NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sub.xTm.sub.yNd.sub.z, where 0≤x≤0.98, 0≤y≤0.02, and 0≤z≤0.06, and the shell is composition having the molecular formula NaYF.sub.4:Nd.sub.w, where 0≤w≤0.1.

Disclosed is a novel composition of matter that provides highly efficient energy conversion from NIR to NIR wavelengths, with either up-, down-, or both up- and down-converting transitions. Disclosed is a composition having the molecular formula NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sub.xTm.sub.yNd.sub.z, where 0≤x≤0.98, 0≤y≤0.02, and 0≤z≤0.06. Also disclosed is a core-shell structure, wherein the core is a composition having the molecular formula NaYF.sub.4:Yb.sub.xTm.sub.yNd.sub.z, where 0≤x≤0.98, 0≤y≤0.02, and 0≤z≤0.06, and the shell is composition having the molecular formula NaYF.sub.4:Nd.sub.w, where 0≤w≤0.1.