The present disclosure provides a solid electrolyte material having high lithium ion conductivity. The solid electrolyte material of the present disclosure includes Li, M1, M2 and X, and has a spinel structure. M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg and Zn. M2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Y, In and Bi. X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a solid electrolyte with high fluoride ion conductivity. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a solid electrolyte to be used for a fluoride ion battery, the solid electrolyte comprising: a composition of Ce.sub.1-x-yLa.sub.xSr.sub.yF.sub.3-y, in which 0<x, 0<y, and 0<x+y<1; and a crystal phase that has a Tysonite structure.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a solid electrolyte with high fluoride ion conductivity. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a solid electrolyte to be used for a fluoride ion battery, the solid electrolyte comprising: a composition of Ce.sub.1-x-yLa.sub.xSr.sub.yF.sub.3-y, in which 0<x, 0<y, and 0<x+y<1; and a crystal phase that has a Tysonite structure.

A solid electrolyte material includes Li, Ca, Y, Gd, and X wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. A battery uses the solid electrolyte material.

The present application proposes a method for detecting an okadaic acid based on a near-infrared photoelectric composite material, which includes the following steps: synthesizing NaYF.sub.4: Yb, Tm up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and a semiconductor material flower-like tungsten oxide (WO.sub.3) by a simple high-temperature solvothermal method; coupling the UCNPs with an okadaic acid monoclonal antibody through a classic amidation reaction to construct a competitive near-infrared photoelectrochemical immunosorbent assay (cNIR-PECIA) for okadaic acid detection. In addition, the present application employs a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) as the working electrode, and thus only requires a small amount of electrolytes, which is low-cost and maintenance-free.

Inorganic halides (e.g., inorganic halide scintillators) of the general formula A.sub.3B.sub.2X.sub.9, including inorganic halides comprising thallium monovalent cations and/or combinations of different halides, are described. Radiation detectors including the inorganic halide scintillators and methods of using the detectors to detect high energy radiation are also described. In some cases, the scintillators can include a gadolinium cation, a boron cation, a lithium cation, a chloride ion, or combinations thereof and the scintillator can be used to detect neutrons.

Inorganic halides (e.g., inorganic halide scintillators) of the general formula A.sub.3B.sub.2X.sub.9, including inorganic halides comprising thallium monovalent cations and/or combinations of different halides, are described. Radiation detectors including the inorganic halide scintillators and methods of using the detectors to detect high energy radiation are also described. In some cases, the scintillators can include a gadolinium cation, a boron cation, a lithium cation, a chloride ion, or combinations thereof and the scintillator can be used to detect neutrons.

Provided are cubic-phase (α-phase) erbium (Er)-doped near-infrared-II (NIR-II)-emitting nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticles are near-infrared-IIb (NIR-IIb)-emitting nanoparticles. Also provided are nanoparticles having disposed thereon a layer-by-layer crosslinked polymeric hydrophilic biocompatible coating. Also provided are compositions comprising the nanoparticles of the present disclosure. Methods of using the nanoparticles, e.g., for in vivo imaging, are also provided.

Provided are cubic-phase (α-phase) erbium (Er)-doped near-infrared-II (NIR-II)-emitting nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticles are near-infrared-IIb (NIR-IIb)-emitting nanoparticles. Also provided are nanoparticles having disposed thereon a layer-by-layer crosslinked polymeric hydrophilic biocompatible coating. Also provided are compositions comprising the nanoparticles of the present disclosure. Methods of using the nanoparticles, e.g., for in vivo imaging, are also provided.

A solid ion conductor compound represented by Formula 1:

Li.sub.xM1.sub.aM2.sub.bCl.sub.yBr.sub.z  Formula 1

wherein M1 is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, or a combination thereof, M2 is a lanthanide element, or a combination thereof, 0<x<3.5, 0≤a<1.5, 0<b<1.5, 0<y<6, 0<z<6, and 0.166<y/z≤5.