A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a lithium titanate compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, where R, a Raman spectrum intensity ratio (I(F2u)/I(F2g)) of an F2u peak in a range of about 200 cm.sup.1 to about 300 cm.sup.1 relative to an F2g peak in a range of about 400 cm.sup.1 to about 550 cm.sup.1 is greater than or equal to about 0.7.
Li.sub.4+xTi.sub.5yM.sub.zO.sub.12nChemical Formula 1 In Chemical Formula 1, 0.2x0.2, 0.3y0.3, 0z0.3, 0.3n0.3, and M is selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, W, Ba, La, Ce, Ag, Ta, Hf, Ru, Bi, Sb, As, and a combination thereof.

Provided is a friction material composition that can increase the coefficient of friction and the wear resistance, reduce the compressive deformation rate, and improve the yield upon hot forming, even when being free of copper component or having a small content of copper component. The friction material composition contains: titanate compound powder made of non-fibrous titanate compound particles; barium sulfate powder; and a thermosetting resin, wherein the titanate compound powder has an alkali metal ion dissolution rate of 15.0% by mass or less, the barium sulfate powder has a volume-based 50% cumulative particle diameter (D.sub.50) of 0.1 m to 20.0 m, and a content of copper component is 0.5% by mass or less in terms of copper element in a total amount of 100% by mass of the friction material composition.

An electrochemical energy storage device is provided. The device may include a solid-state anode layer. The device may comprise a solid-state electrolyte layer. Further, the device may comprise a solid-state cathode layer. At least two adjacent ones out of the solid-state anode layer, the solid-state electrolyte layer, and the solid-state cathode layer may form a solid-state single-crystal with varying chemical compositions between the related layers. The solid-state electrolyte layer may have an ionic conductivity at room temperature higher than 10.sup.6 S/cm.

According to one embodiment, a solid electrolyte includes a sintered body of ceramic grains. The sintered body includes a crystal plane having an ion conducting path. The crystal plane is oriented in a direction which intersects at least one surface of the solid electrolyte.

A solid-state electrolyte includes a lithium salt, a lithium ion-conducting inorganic material, a polymer, and a coupling agent. The coupling agent bonds the lithium ion-conducting inorganic material to the polymer.

This composite titanium oxide compound is a composite titanium oxide compound wherein primary particles of an alkali metal titanate compound and primary particles of an alkaline earth metal titanate compound are joined to form secondary particles. The secondary particles have an average particle size of 1 to 80 m. When the concentration of elements in the secondary particles is analyzed, a region where the alkaline earth metal is detected covers 50% or more of the surface area in 3% or less of the total number of secondary particles.

An electrochemical device includes a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte. The negative electrode active material has a crystal structure with an Fm3m space group and contains a compound represented by composition formula (1) below,
Li.sub.xTi.sub.yO.sub.z Formula (1), where 0.4x/y<2 and x/2+3y/2zx/2+2y.

The present disclosure relates to nanomaterial composites capable of selectively extracting lithium from a lithium-containing liquid resource when the nanomaterial composite is activated, a method of preparing the nanomaterial composites, and the use of the nanomaterial composites for the extraction and recovery of lithium.

The present invention relates to an active material for a lithium secondary battery, which includes a secondary particle formed by agglomeration of primary particles which include a lithium titanium composite oxide represented by Formula 1 or Formula 2, wherein a pore volume is in a range of 0.001 cm.sup.3/g to 0.05 cm.sup.3/g, and a method of preparing the same, wherein the active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may maintain an adequate pore volume even during rolling, because strength of the secondary particle is improved by controlling a particle diameter of the primary particle by introducing a metallic element.

Provided is a lithium titanate powder for an electrode of an energy storage device, wherein the lithium titanate powder includes Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12 as a main component and has a specific surface area of 5 to 50 m.sup.2/g, a total-fine pore volume of the lithium titanate powder is 0.03 to 0.5 ml/g and the lithium titanate powder includes a phosphorus atom in an amount of 0.03 to 1% by mass, an active material containing the lithium titanate powder, an electrode sheet containing the active material, and an energy storage device using the electrode sheet.