Provided are porous titanate compound particles capable of giving excellent fade resistance and moisture-proof properties when used in a friction material, a friction material composition, a friction material, a friction member, and a method for producing the porous titanate compound particles. Porous titanate compound particles have a cumulative pore volume of 5% or more within a pore diameter range of 0.01 to 1.0 m, are each formed of titanate compound crystal grains bonded together, and each includes a treated layer formed on a surface thereof and made of a hydrophobic surface treatment agent.

A method for preparing a nano-titanate, a nano-titanic acid and a nano-TiO.sub.2 containing embedded A nanoparticles is provided respectively. In this method, a Ti-T alloy with a A-group element solidly dissolved therein is used as a titanium source, and reacted with an alkali solution under a certain condition. In combination with subsequent treatment, the preparation of a titanate nanotube, a titanic acid nanotube, and a TiO.sub.2 nanotube/rod containing embedded A nanoparticles, respectively, is further achieved with high efficiency and low cost. Moreover, a method for preparing metal nanoparticles is also provided by removing the matrix of the composites. The present preparation methods is characterized by simple process, easy operation, high efficiency, low cost. The product is of promising application in polymer-based nanocomposites, ceramic materials, catalytic materials, photocatalytic materials, hydrophobic materials, effluent degrading materials, bactericidal coatings, anticorrosive coatings, marine coatings.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a nano-titanate, a nano-titanic acid and a nano-TiO.sub.2 containing doping E or embedding E nanoparticles, and the use thereof. By using an E-doped Ti-T intermetallic compound as a titanium source, and reacting it with alkaline solution at atmospheric pressure and near its boiling-point temperature, an E-doped titanate nanofilm is prepared with high efficiency and in a short time. Through acid treatment and (or) heat treatment, a titanate nanofilm containing embedding E nanoparticles, an E-doped titanic acid nanofilm, and a titanic acid nanofilm and a TiO.sub.2 flake powder containing embedding E nanoparticles can be further prepared. Through a subsequent reaction at high temperature and pressure, the preparation of an E-doped titanate nanotubes and titanic acid nanotubes, and titanic acid nanotubes and TiO.sub.2 nanotubes/nanorods containing embedding E nanoparticles can be achieved in high efficiency and low-cost.

A solid electrolyte including: an oxide represented by Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, or a combination thereof,
Li.sub.2+4xM1.sub.1?xO.sub.3Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1, M1 is hafnium, titanium, zirconium, or a combination thereof, and 0<x<1;
Li.sub.2?y(a?4)M1.sub.1?yM2.sup.a.sub.yO.sub.3Formula 2
wherein, in Formula 2, M1 is hafnium, titanium, zirconium, or a combination thereof, M2 is at least one element having an oxidation number of a, and wherein a is an integer from 1 to 6, and 0<y<1; or
Li.sub.2?zM1O.sub.3?zX.sub.zFormula 3
wherein, in Formula 3, M1 is hafnium, titanium, zirconium, or a combination thereof, X is a halogen, a pseudohalogen, or a combination thereof, and 0<z<2.

An electrode formulation including a polymer, which can be ion-conducting or non-conducting; an ion-conducting inorganic material; a lithium salt; and optionally an additive salt.

Provided is a potassium titanate powder that can avoid safety and health concerns and concurrently, during use in a friction material, can give excellent frictional properties. A potassium titanate powder is a powder formed of bar-like potassium titanate particles having an average length of 30 m or more, an average breadth of 10 m or more, and an average aspect ratio of 1.5 or more, wherein the bar-like potassium titanate particles are represented by a composition formula K.sub.2Ti.sub.nO.sub.2n+1 (where n=5.5 to 6.5).

According to one embodiment, an electrode is provided. The electrode includes an active material-containing layer. The active material-containing layer includes an Na-containing niobium-titanium composite oxide having an orthorhombic crystal structure. The active material-containing layer satisfies I.sub.2/I.sub.11. I.sub.1 is an intensity of a peak P.sub.1 appearing in a binding energy range of 289 eV to 292 eV in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum of the active material-containing layer. I.sub.2 is an intensity of a peak P.sub.2 appearing in a binding energy range of 283 eV to 285 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum of the active material-containing layer.

According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material including particles of a composite oxide having an orthorhombic crystal structure and represented by the general formula Li.sub.2+wNa.sub.2xM1.sub.yTi.sub.6zM2.sub.zO.sub.14. The particles of the composite oxide have an average crystallite size of 50 nm to 90 nm and an average primary particle size of 0.1 m to 0.6 m. M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cs and K. M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Sn, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe, Y, Co, Mn, and Al. w falls within 0w4, x falls within 0<x<2, y falls within 0y<2, z falls within 0<z<6, and falls within 0.50.5.

According to one embodiment, an electrode is provided. The electrode includes an active material-containing layer which contains an active material. The active material includes a plurality of primary particles containing a niobium-titanium composite oxide. The average crystallite diameter of the plurality of primary particles is 90 nm or more. The average particle size (D50) of the plurality of primary particles is in a range of 0.1 m to 5 m. The average value (FU.sub.ave) of the roughness shape coefficient (FU) according to Formula (1) below is less than 0.70 in 100 primary particles among the plurality of primary particles.

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\left[\mathrm{Formula}.Math..Math.1\right]& \\ \mathrm{FU}=\frac{f}{f_c}=\frac{4.Math..Math..Math.a}{{}^{.Math.2}}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

The method of producing lithium titanate anode material for lithium ion battery applications is comprising of: a) mixing of mixed phase having 60-80% anatase and 20-40% rutile of TiO.sub.2 as titanium precursor with Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 as lithium precursor in a stoichiometric ratio of 5:4 and adding with 2 to 5% stearic acid as process control agent as well as carbon precursor; b) milling in horizontal attrition milling unit maintained with the ball to powder ratio of 10:1-12:1 at 250-500 rpm for 0.5 to 2 hrs c) repeating the milling for 40 to 48 times; d) palletisation of the milled powder to a diameter of 30-35 mm under a pressure of 0.5-1 ton; e) annealing under inert atmosphere at a temperature of 700-900 C. for a period of 2-12 hrs; and f) grinding the resultant annealed composite powder to a fine powder. Resultant powder has shown excellent electrochemical properties in terms of charge-discharge, cyclic-stability and rate capability.