An anticorrosive, conductive material includes a first oxide having oxygen vacancies and a formula (I): MgTi.sub.2O.sub.5- (I), where .sub. is any number between 0 and 3 optionally including a fractional part denoting the oxygen vacancies; and a second oxide having a formula (II): Ti.sub.aO.sub.b (II), where 1<=a<=20 and 1<=b<=30, optionally including a fractional part, the first and second oxides of formulas (I) and (II) forming a polycrystalline matrix.

A piezoelectric composition comprises a plurality of crystal particles, wherein the piezoelectric composition includes bismuth, iron, barium, titanium, and oxygen; the crystal particle include a core and a shell having a contents of bismuth higher than that in the core and covering the core; and the total area of the cross sections of the cores exposed to the cross section of the piezoelectric composition is expressed as S.sub.CORE, the total area of the cross sections of the shells exposed to the cross section of the piezoelectric composition is expressed as S.sub.SHELL, and 100.Math.S.sub.CORE/(S.sub.CORE+S.sub.SHELL) is 50 to 90.

A ceramic dielectric including: a bulk dielectric including barium (Ba) and titanium (Ti); a ceramic nanosheet; and a composite dielectric of the bulk dielectric and the ceramic nanosheet.

A thin film structure including a dielectric material layer and an electronic device to which the thin film structure is applied are provided. The dielectric material layer includes a compound expressed by ABO.sub.3, wherein at least one of A and B in ABO.sub.3 is substituted and doped with another atom having a larger atom radius, and ABO.sub.3 becomes A.sub.1xA.sub.xB.sub.1yB.sub.yO.sub.3 (where x>=0, y>=0, at least one of x and y0, a dopant A has an atom radius greater than A and/or a dopant B has an atom radius greater than B) through substitution and doping. A dielectric material property of the dielectric material layer varies according to a type of a substituted and doped dopant and a substitution doping concentration.

A dielectric material which satisfies X9M characteristics and ensures operations over an extended period of time at 200 C. is provided.

A dielectric ceramic composition includes a main component of a perovskite type compound represented by a general formula of ABO.sub.3, in which A is an element in an A-site, B is an element in a B-site, and O is an oxygen element. A includes Ba. A further includes at least one of Ca and Sr. B includes Ti. A sintered-body lattice volume obtained by X-ray diffraction method is 64.33 .sup.3 or below.

A continuous tubular reactor includes a rotary reaction tube having a reactant inlet and a product outlet, and including a ceramic; a heating device disposed outside the rotary reaction tube; and an angle adjuster adjusting an angle of a rotation axis of the rotary reaction tube. The angle of the rotation axis is 75 or less with respect to a horizontal surface.

A dielectric powder includes a core-shell structure including a core region formed in an inner portion thereof and a shell region covering the core region. The core region includes barium titanate (BaTiO.sub.3) doped with a metal oxide, and the shell region is formed of a ferroelectric material.

A method for synthesizing ferroelectric nanoparticles comprises introducing solutions of Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2 (1 mmol) in 5 ml of deionized water, NaOH (12.5 mmol) in 5 ml of deionized water, Ti(IV) n-butoxide (1 mmol) in 5 ml of 1-butanol, 2.5 ml of oleic acid, and 5 ml of 1-butanol into a Teflon-lined autoclave vessel; heating the vessel to 135 C. for 18 h, resulting in barium titanate nanoparticles; and ball-milling the barium titanate nanoparticles in a solution of oleic acid and heptane to create a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles. The weight ratio of barium titanate:oleic acid:heptane is 1:1:20. The ball-milling step may further comprise introducing a slurry comprising 0.1 g of synthesized BaTiO.sub.3 nanocubes, 0.1 g of oleic acid, and 15 mL of heptane into a ball-mill crucible filled with 2 mm ZrO.sub.2 balls; subjecting the slurry to rotation at 500 rpm for 5 hours; converting the resulting nanoparticle suspension to a powder using anhydrous ethanol with sequential washing/drying at ambient temperature.

A photochemical electrode includes: an optical absorption layer; a catalyst layer for oxygen evolution reaction over the optical absorption layer; and a conducting layer over the catalyst layer. A valance band maximum of the catalyst layer is higher than a valance band maximum of the optical absorption layer. A work function of the conducting layer is larger than a work function of the catalyst layer.