A laser activated luminescence system is provided. Another aspect pertains to a system employing a plasma assisted vapor deposition reactor which creates diamond layers on a substrate, in combination with a laser system to at least photoactivate and anneal the diamond layers. Yet another aspect of the present system uses a laser to assist with placement of color centers, such as nitrogen vacancy centers, in diamond. The present method uses lasers to manufacture more than two activated nitrogen vacancy center nodes in a diamond substrate, with nanometer spatial resolution and at a predetermined depth.

A method of recovering an active material from a positive electrode scrap and reusing the active material is provided. The method of reusing a positive electrode active material includes (a) thermally treating a positive electrode scrap comprising an active material layer on a current collector in air for thermal decomposition of a binder and a conductive material in the active material layer, to separate the current collector from the active material layer, and collecting an active material in the active material layer; (b) washing the active material collected from the step (a) with a cleaning solution; and (c) annealing the active material washed from the step (b) with an addition of a lithium precursor to obtain a reusable active material, wherein a molar ratio of lithium to other metals in the active material after the thermal treatment step (a) or a molar ratio of lithium to other metals in the active material after the washing step (b) has a decreased range of 20% or less when compared with a molar ratio of lithium to other metals in the positive electrode scrap before the thermal treatment step (a).

The present invention aims to provide a scintillator which has a short fluorescence decay time, whose fluorescence intensity after a period of time following radiation irradiation is low, and which shows largely improved light-transmittance. A scintillator represented by the following General Formula (1), the scintillator including Zr, having a Zr content of not less than 1500 ppm by mass therein, and being a block of a sintered body. Q.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.3z:A . . . (1) (wherein in General Formula (1), Q includes at least one or more kinds of divalent metallic elements; M includes at least Hf; and x, y, and z independently satisfy 0.5≤x≤1.5, 0.5≤y≤1.5, and 0.7≤z≤1.5, respectively).

The present invention relates to a lithium composite oxide having improved stability and electrical characteristics as a positive electrode material by inhibiting an interfacial side reaction in the lithium composite oxide and improving the stability of a crystal structure and ion conductivity, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Exemplary embodiments of positive electrode active materials in the form of single particles, and a method of preparing each of them, are provided. The single particles of the exemplary embodiments include single particles of a nickel-based lithium composite metal oxide, having a plurality of crystal grains, each having a size of 180 nm to 300 nm, as analyzed by a Cu Kα X-ray (X-rα). The single particles include a metal doped in the crystal lattice thereof. One embodiment includes a surface coating. The total content of the metal doped in the crystal lattice thereof and the metal of the metal oxide coated on the surface thereof is controlled in the range of 2500 ppm to 6000 ppm.

Provided is a high-entropy positive electrode material, preparation method and application thereof. The high-entropy positive electrode material has a general formula as shown in the following formula: Li.sub.1+aA.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.zD.sub.bO.sub.2M.sub.cN.sub.d, wherein A is a metallic element having a valence of +2, B is a metallic element having a valence of +3, C is a metallic element having a valence of +4, D is a metallic element having a valence of +5, M is an element having a valence of +7, and N is an element having a valence of +8; and 0≤a<1, 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, 0<b<1, 0<c<1, d>0. This high-entropy positive electrode material is designed from the structure of the material itself. Compared with the conventional positive electrode materials, it has high specific discharge capacity and has a stable structure during the cycling without oxygen evolution.

A lithium metal composite oxide having a layered structure, containing at least Li, Ni, and an element X, in which the element X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, B, Al, Ga, Ti, Zr, Ge, Fe, Cu, Cr, V, W, Mo, Sc, Y, Nb, La, Ta, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, and Sn, L/D.sub.50 that is a ratio of an average primary particle diameter L to a 50% cumulative volume particle size D.sub.50 is 0.3 to 1.5, and, in powder X-ray diffraction measurement using a CuKα ray, a crystallite diameter A calculated from a diffraction peak within a range of 2θ=44.5±1° is 700 Å or less.

The disclosure provides a modified positive electrode material, a preparation method therefor, and a lithium ion battery. The modified positive electrode material includes a core and a coating layer. The core contains Mn and Ni, the coating layer includes a first oxide coating layer coating on a surface of the core. A first element forming the first oxide coating layer is selected from one or more of a group of Si, Ti, V, Zr, Mo, W, Bi, Nb, and Au. The first element with a high-valent state can partially enter the surface core structure of the positive electrode material to occupy the sites of manganese ions, and form a chemical bond stronger than a Mn—O. Thus, 0 and Mn in the core structure are difficult to precipitate, and the coating layer is difficult to fall off in cycle process. Moreover, structural stability of the modified positive electrode material is improved.

A nitrogen-containing carbon material includes carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, and halogen atoms. The nitrogen-containing carbon material has a ratio of a number of moles of pyridinic nitrogen atoms to a total number of moles of the nitrogen atoms that is higher than 59% and a total content ratio of the nitrogen atoms with respect to the nitrogen-containing carbon material that is 7 at % or higher. The nitrogen-containing carbon material includes a fused polycyclic aromatic moiety formed by condensation of three or more aromatic rings, and the fused polycyclic aromatic moiety includes a partial structure for two pyridinic nitrogen atoms to be linked to each other through two carbon atoms.

Use of nickel in a cathode material of the general formula Li (4/3-2x/3-y/3-z/3)Ni.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.zMn(2/3-x/3-2y/3-2z/3)0.sub.2 wherein x is greater than 0.06 and equal to or less than 0.4; y is equal to or greater than 0 and equal to or less than 0.4; and z is equal to or greater than 0 and equal to or less than 0.05 for suppressing gas evolution during a charge cycle and/or increasing the charge capacity of the material.